This is a bibliography of research literature relevant for the study of the Formalist tradition and authors (Formalists, formalistae, formalizantes) who wrote Formalist treatises or otherwise took part in the Formalist tradition. Some studies on the formal distinction in John Duns Scotus have been included, especially such ones that consider the later tradition. For the comprehensive literature on Duns Scotus and the formal distinction as discussed in his works, readers are referred to Tobias Hoffmann’s Duns Scotus Bibliography from 1950 to the Present (10th edition, August 2022), online here.
© Claus A. Andersen (UCLouvain), 2024
Aertsen, Jan A. Medieval Philosophy as Transcendental Thought: From Philip the Chancellor (ca. 1225) to Francisco Suárez. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2012.
Agostini, Igor. “Oltre la ‘distinctio rationis.’ L’inclusione reciproca degli attributi divini nella Scolastica moderna.” Divus Thomas 111/3 (2008), 67–102.
–. “The Controversy over the Mutual Inclusion and the Genesis of the Doctrine of the distinctio virtualis minor between the Divine Attributes.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 265–294. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Andersen, Claus A. “Introduction.” In Pere Tomàs [Petrus Thomae], Tractatus brevis de modis distinctionum, edited by Celia López Alcalde, 12–270. Santa Coloma de Queralt: Obrador Edèndum, 2011.
–. “Intuitive and Abstractive Cognition, ‘praecisiones obiectivae,’ and the Formal Distinction in Mastri and Belluto and Later Scotist Authors.” Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 108 (2015), 183–247.
–. Metaphysik im Barockscotismus. Untersuchungen zum Metaphysikwerk des Bartholomaeus Mastrius. Mit Dokumentation der Metaphysik in der scotistischen Tradition ca. 1620–1750. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2016.
– with Rafael Ramis Barceló. “Introduction.” In Tractatus formalitatum brevis. Tractatus de differentia, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Rafael Ramis Barceló, 11–73. Santa Coloma de Queralt: Obrador Edèndum, 2018.
–. “A Lullist Contribution to the Formalist Literature of the Renaissance: Jaume Janer’s Tractatulus de distinctionibus omnium rerum (1491).” In Ramon Llull y los lulistas (siglos XIV–XX), edited by Rafael Ramis Barceló, 221–240. Madrid: Editorial Sindéresis, 2022.
–.“The Doctrine of Beings of Reason in Renaissance Lullism. Its Late-Medieval Background and Early-Modern Repercussions.” Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 33 (2022), 289–323.
– with Rafael Ramis Barceló. “Jaume Janer OCist († after 1506) and the Tradition of Scoto-Lullist Metaphysics.” Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 64 (2022), 167–207.
–. “Javelli and the Reception of the Scotist System of Distinctions in Renaissance Thomism.” In Chrysostomus Javelli. Pagan Philosophy and Christian Thought in the Renaissance, edited by Tommaso De Robertis and Luca Burzelli, 143–167. Cham: Springer, 2023.
–. “Short Introduction to a Long Tradition – And to this Volume.” In Cognitive Issues in the Long Scotist Tradition, edited by Daniel Heider and Claus A. Andersen, 9–30 . Basel: Schwabe, 2023. DOI: 10.24894/978-3-7965-4767-6.
–. “Scientia formalitatum – The Emergence of a New Discipline in the Renaissance.” Noctua 11/2 (2024), 200–257.
– with Jacob Schmutz (editors). Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6) 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
–. “Subtle Scholastic Distinctions and Where to Find Them.” Introductory chapter in Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 9–46. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025, Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
–. “Parisian Formalism. Brulefer and Sirect on Petrus Thomae’s Seven Distinctions.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 169–206. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Anfray, Jean-Pascal. “Leibniz on Distinctions and the Simplicity of Monads.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 405–436. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Barbet, Jeanne. “Un témoin de la discussion entre les écoles scotiste et thomiste selon François de Meyronnes.” In De doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, Acta congressus Scotistici Internationalis Oxonii et Edimburgi 11–17 sept. 1966 celebrati IV: Scotismus decursu saeculorum, 21–33. Rome: Commissio Scotistica, 1968.
Baum, Ilil. “Traces of Late Medieval Jewish Scotism. A Catalan Translation in Hebrew Script of De distinctione predicamentorum by Petrus Thomae.” Medieval Encounters 26 (2020), 543–577. DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340088.
Bolliger, Daniel. Infiniti contemplatio. Grundzüge der Scotus- und Scotismusrezeption im Werk Huldrych Zwinglis. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003.
Bos, Egbert P. “Petrus Thomae’s De distinctione predicamentorum (with a working edition).” In The Winged Chariot. Collected Essays on Plato and Platonism in Honour of L.M. de Rijk, editeted by Maria Kardaun, Joke Spruyt, 277–312. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2000.
–. “Petrus Thomae on unity that is less than numerical.” In La tradition médiévale des catégories (XIIe – XVe siècles), edited by Joël Biard and Irène Rosier-Catach, 207–24. Louvain – Paris: Editions Peeters, 2003.
Bridges, Geoffrey G. Identity and distinction in Petrus Thomae, O.F.M. New York: Franciscan Institute Publications, 1959.
Cabré Duran, Maria. “El pensament escoto-lul·lista de Pere Daguí: de les formalitats a les dignitats.” In Ramon Llull y los lulistas (siglos XIV-XX), edited by Rafael Ramis-Barceló, 207–220. Madrid and Porto: Sindéresis, 2022.
– with Jaume Mensa i Valls. Antoni Andreu y la filosofía escotista. Antonius Andreae and Scotist Philosophy. Special issue of Annuario filosófico 55/1 (2022).
Caird, Alfred P. The Doctrine of Quiddities and Modes in Francis of Meyronnes. 2 vols. PhD Dissertation. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1948.
Clasen, Sophronius. “Henrici de Werla, O.F.M. Tractatus de formalitatibus.” Franciscan Studies 14 (1954) 310–22, 412–442.
Combes, André. Jean Gerson commentateur dionysien. Paris: J. Vrin, 1973.
Courtenay, William J. “Early Scotists at Paris: A Reconsideration.” Franciscan Studies 69 (2011), 175–229.
Cross, Richard. “Esse intentionale in Some Early Scotists. At the Origins of the So-called ‘Supertranscendental’.” In Cognitive Issues in the Long Scotist Tradition, edited by Daniel Heider and Claus A. Andersen, 203–228. Basel: Schwabe, 2023. DOI: 10.24894/978-3-7965-4767-6.
Duba, William O. “Three Franciscan Metaphysicians after Scotus. Antonius Andreae, Francis of Marchia, and Nicholas Bonet.” In A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, edited by Fabrizio Amerini and Gabriele Galluzzo, 413–493. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2014.
–. The Forge of Doctrine. The Academic Year 1330–31 and the Rise of Scotism at the University of Paris. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
–. “Nicolas Bonet’s White-Tie Formalism.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 113–141. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Dumont, Stephen D. “The Univocity of the Concept of Being in the Fourteenth Century: II. The De ente of Peter Thomae.” Mediaeval Studies 50 (1988), 186–256.
–. “Transcendental Being: Scotus and Scotists.” Topoi 11 (1992), 135–148.
–. “Duns Scotus’s Parisian Question on the Formal Distinction.” Vivarium 43 (2005), 7–62.
–. “John Duns Scotus’s Reportatio Parisiensis Examinata: A Mystery Solved.” Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie Médiévales 85 (2018), 377–438.
Emery Jr., Kent and Garrett R. Smith. “The Quaestio de Formalitatibus by John Duns Scotus, sometimes called the Logica Scoti.” Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 56 (2014), 91–182. DOI: 10.1484/j.bpm.5.105347.
Forlivesi, Marco. “Quae in hac quaestione tradit Doctor videntur humanum ingenium superare. Scotus, Andrés, Bonet, Zerbi, and Trombetta confronting the nature of metaphysics.” Quaestio 8 (2008), 219–277.
–. “The Ratio Studiorum of the Conventual Franciscans in the Baroque Age and the Cultural-Political Background to the Scotist Philosophy Cursus of Bartolomeo Mastri and Bonaventura Belluto.” Noctua 2 (2015), 253–384. DOI: 10.14640/noctuaii8.
–. “Tra Aristotele e Scoto: la determinazione della natura della metafisica nel pensiero di Filippo Fabri (1564–1630).” Philosophia 1 (2018/1), 41–74. DOI: 10.36139/94496.
Gaus, Caroline. Etiam realis scientia. Petrus Aureolis konzeptualistische Transzendentalienlehre vor dem Hintergrund seiner Kritik am Formalitätenrealismus. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2008.
Gelber, Hester. Logic and the Trinity: A Clash of Values in Scholastic Thought, 1300–1335. Ph.D. Diss., University of Wisconsin, 1974.
Gindhart, Marion and Ursula Kundert (editors). Disputatio 1200–1800. Form, Funktion und Wirkung eines Leitmediums universitärer Wissenskultur. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2010.
Goris, Wouter. Transzendentale Einheit. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
–. Scientia propter quid nobis. The Epistemic Independence of Metaphysics and Theology in the Quaestio de cognitione Dei attributed to Duns Scotus. Münster: Aschendorff, 2022.
Grajewski, Maurice J. The Formal Distinction of Duns Scotus: A Study in Metaphysics. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1944.
Heider, Daniel with Claus A. Andersen (editors) Cognitive Issues in the Long Scotist Tradition. Basel: Schwabe, 2023.
–. “Suárez on the Formal Distinction. A Shift in Opinion?” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 297–318. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Hoenen, Maarten J.F.M. “Scotus and the Scotist School. The Tradition of Scotist Thought in the Medieval and Early Modern Period.” In John Duns Scotus. Renewal of Philosophy. Acts of the Third Symposium Organized by the Dutch Society for Medieval Philosophy Medium Aevum (May 23 and 24, 1996), edited by Egbert P. Bos, 197–210. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998.
–. “Modus loquendi platonicorum. Johannes Gerson und seine Kritik an Platon und den Platonisten.” In The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages. A Doxographic Approach, edited by Stephen Gersh and Maarten J.F.M. Hoenen, 326–343. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2002.
–. “Formalitates phantasticae. Bewertungen des Skotismus im Mittelalter.” In Die Logik des Transzendentalen: Festschrift für Jan A. Aertsen zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Martin Pickavé, 337–357. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2003.
Hoeres, Walter. “Zur Ontologie von Petrus Thomae OFM.” Franziskanische Studien 43 (1961), 374–379.
Hübener, Wolfgang. “Leibniz’ gebrochenes Verhältnis zur Erkenntnismetaphysik der Scholastik.” Studia Leibnitiana 17/1 (1985), 66–76.
–. “Robertus Anglicus OFM und die formalistische Tradition.” In Philosophie im Mittelalter. Entwicklungslinien und Paradigmen, edited by Jan P. Beckmann, Ludger Honnefelder, Gangolf Schrimpf, and Georg Wieland, 329–353. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1987.
–. “‘Objektivität’ und ‘Realisierung’: Zwei Beispiele für die Weiterarbeit der Aristotelischen Scholastik am metaphysischen Grundvokabular.” Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 49 (2007), 53–68.
Ivanov, Vitaly L. “At the origin of the Formalist Metaphysics of distinctions: The Theological purpose of introduction of distinctio formalis in the work of John Duns Scotus, OFM.” ESSE: Philosophical and Theological Studies 1/2 (2016), 185–204. (This article is in Russian).
–. “Duns Scotus and Scotists about identity and distinction: On the history of two metaphysical concepts in Scholastic philosophy.” ESSE: Philosophical and Theological Studies 3/2 (2018), 255–290. (This article is in Russian).
–. “Metaphysics of a Forgotten Tradition II. Metaphysical Explication of the Transcendental Concept of ‘Intrinsic Modus’ by Petrus Thomae: The Problem of the Contraction of Being and Distinction of Modus.” Issues of Theology 3/3 (2021), 351–383. (This article is in Russian).
–. “Petrus Thomae – An Early Follower of Duns Scotus, Minorite from Barcelona and Author of Metaphysical Treatises.” Philosophy Journal of the Higher School of Economics 5/4 (2021), 229–258. (This article is in Russian).
–. “The ontological constitution of res as simul totum and the doctrine of distinctions in Metaphysica of Nicholas Bonetus, OFM.” Philosophy Journal 15/3 (2022), 50–69. (This article is in Russian).
–. “Modus intrinsecus rei in Petrus Thomae’s Quaestiones de modis distinctionum.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 79–111. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
Jansen, Bernhard. “Beiträge zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung der Distinctio formalis.” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 53 (1929), 317–344, 517–544.
Knebel, Sven K. “Distinctio rationis ratiocinantis. Die scholastische Unterscheidungslehre vor dem Satz ‘A = A’.” Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 44 (2002), 145–73. French translation: “Entre logique mentaliste et métaphysique conceptualiste: la distinctio rationis ratiocinantis.” Les Études philosophiques 61/2 (2002), 145–168.
–. “Aureol and the Ambiguities of the Distinction of Reason.” In Philosophical Debates at Paris in the Early Fourteenth Century, edited by Stephen F. Brown, Thomas Dewender and Theo Kobusch, 325–337. Leiden: Brill, 2009. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004175662.i-526.79.
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Knuuttila, Simo. “Praedicatio identica in Scotus’s Theological Metaphysics.” In Johannes Duns Scotus 1308–2008. Die philosophischen Perspektive seines Werkes. Investigations into his Philosophy, edited by Ludger Honnefelder, Hannes Möhle, Andreas Speer, Theo Kobusch, Susanna Bullido del Barrio, 265–276. Münster: Aschendorf, New York, St. Bonaventure: Franciscan Institute Publications, 2010.
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Machado, Apaoan Ramos. “Vienna Formalism. Mental, ex natura rei, and Formal Distinctions in Johannes Meyger’s Tractatus distinctionum.” In Distinction and Identity in Late-Scholastic Thought and Beyond, edited by Claus A. Andersen and Jacob Schmutz, 143–165. Basel: Schwabe (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy 6), 2025. Open access: https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-5371-4.
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