"seen as the deliberate and intentional substitution, addition, tampering or misrepresentation of food, food ingredients or food packaging for economic gain" (Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 2019)
Examples- using horse meat instead of beef, or labeling Pollock as cod.
Dilution- The act of decreasing the concentration of the main liquid ingredient. This is usually done by adding water.
Examples- adding sugar syrup to honey, adding sunflower oil to olive oil, adding fillers to ground spices, or adding apple juice to pomegranate juice.
Examples- food products marketed as being "clinically and scientifically proven to boost the immune system."
Examples- labeling farmed salmon as wild salmon, labeling apples as organic when they are not certified, labeling tomatoes as a "Product of Canada" when they are from another country, or providing a false net quantity declaration
(Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 2019)