• Widespread in Europe from Roman times until the mid 18th century
• It was common practice to add lead to low quality wine in order to sweeten it
• This resulted in lead poisoning, and became known as colica Pictonum
• Eventually, a connection was made between lead, and the affected individuals

(Eisinger, 1982, p. 1)

• Fipronil is a pesticide, used to get rid of fleas on dogs and cats. It also can treat red lice, often found on poultry.
• Fipronil use was discovered on over 180 Dutch poultry farms, used in chickens to control lice
• 700,000 eggs imported to Britain were contaminated and millions were recalled
• Fipronil is hazardous to humans if ingested in large amounts, and can damage the kidneys, liver and thyroid glands.
• Symptoms include, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and epileptic seizures

(BBC News, 2017)

• Food inspectors in Ireland detected horse meat in frozen beef burgers
• Horse meat was substituted because it is much cheaper than beef
• Besides allergic reactions, another possible concern is the drug phenylbutazone (Bute), which is often given to horses to as a pain-reliever.
• Bute can cause a severe blood disease called aplastic anaemia in humans. The disorder causes the depletion of red and white blood cells and can be life-threatening without treatment.
• If people, unknowingly, ate enough of these horse-meat burgers, it would have the potential to trigger this terrible disease
• Highlighted the problems that arise from an increasingly globalized food supply, brought much public attention to the issue

(Harrison-Dunn, 2014; McKie, 2013)

In Gansu China, 16 children were diagnosed with kidney stones. Epidemiology practices were used to find that all children were were fed adulterated milk products that included melamine. (Huang, 2014)

• Water was added to raw milk products to increase volume and reduce cost
• Use of water diluted the milk, decreasing the protein content
• In order to prevent this, protein content in milk is tested based on nitrogen levels
• Dairy farmers began adding melamine, a chemical regularly used in plastics and fertilizers, to increase the nitrogen content of the milk and meet protein standard tests
• IN 2008 the use of melamine in milk killed six babies and made 300 000 ill
• Melamine Poisoning causes irritability, blood in urine, little or no urine, signs of kidney infection, kidney stones, high blood pressure, and even death
• Testing for melamine finally began and up to 2,560 mg/kg of melamine was found in 'protein powders' added to milk, while the maximum acceptable daily limit is 0.63 mg/kg of body weight
• Even now, many babies who drank baby formulas containing this milk have severe and continuous kidney deterioration from the poisoning

(BBC News, 2010; Huang, 2018; World Health Organization, n.d.)

• In 2017, many Brazilian companies were caught bribing inspectors to approve the sale/export of rotten meat products.
• Acids were used to cover any rancid smells emitted
• Additionally, several animal parts were substituted for cheaper ingredients or parts
• Meat exportation, accounting for over $14 billion, combined with agriculture is among Brazil's largest economic sectors
• With this new Scandal, and Brazil being in one of it's worst depressions ever, the economy was hit hard

(Charlebois, 2017)

• Highlights how regulatory differences can affect the public
• Under Canadian law, adding water to concentrate constitutes a processed food product, so country of origin is not required
• American law however, does not see the addition of water to concentrate as a significant modification, so countries of origin are required
• The CFIA relies on companies to self-regulate, encouraging them to add details, but not requiring them to do so.

(Agro, Stiglic & Grundig, 2018)

• What we know as Wasabi is not actually Wasabi at all (Ferdman, 2014)
• Real Wasabi (Wasabi Japonica) is expensive and rare, even in Japan
• ingredients of the product in this image: horseradish, corn starch, water, vegetable oil, sorbitol (0.5g per 5g serving), salt, processed soybean, artificial flavour, citric acid, tartrazine, food blue no. 1.
• Under the CFIA's Food and Drug Regulations, and Safe Food For Canadians Regulations, the "common name" of prepackaged foods must be included in the labeling (CFIA, 2019)