Nephrolepsis cordifolia

Location & distribution maps

Phylogeny & links to associated information

Wikipedia links:       Monilophytes > Polypodiales > Lomariopsidaceae > Nephrolepis cordifolia

Other links:    

Plant  information

Common name:         Sword Fern

• Also, fishbone fern, tuberous sword fern, tuber ladder fern, erect sword fern, narrow sword fern and ladder fern, and herringbone fern

• In the Hawaiian Islands, it is known as kupukupu, okupukupu or ni'ani'au

Conservation status: ...

Etymology:   

• Genus derived from the Greek nephros, kidney, and lepis, scale, in reference to the kidney-shaped indusia (sori covering)

• Specific epithet from the Latin cordi- (heart-shaped) and folium (leaf), a reference to the auricled (resembling an ear) bases of the pinnae

Spores:                            

• The sori are rounded

• The spores are warty, wrinkled

Leaves:         

• The pinnate fronds are erect and pinnate linear to lanceolate, glandular and simple. 

• The rachis bears bicolored chaff scales

• The petiole is covered with bicolored pale and dark brown scales

• The leaflets are entire, sessile and elongate-lanceolate

• They grow up to 4.8 centimeters long and up to 0.9 cm wide

• They stand at a distance of less than 1 cm 

Stem & branches: 

• It is an evergreen fern that grows to between 40 and 80 cm

• In extreme cases up to 1 meter

Roots:         

• It forms an underground rhizome in the form of several small tubers

Habit:        

• An evergreen fern, usually < 80 cm

• They can establish themselves terrestrially, or as an epiphyte or lithophyte, provided that the location has ideal moisture and light levels

Habitat:   

• In adequate conditions, these ferns grow readily as epiphytes, typically adhering to the bark of tree branches above a water source, where they can receive round-the-clock humidity and airflow

• They can be found in a multitude of environments, from deep swamps and riverbanks to rugged outcrops and rock faces, as well as roadsides, ditches, creeks, fallen trees, and even abandoned buildings and ruins

•  They love moist, shady locations; in their natural range, they are usually found in swamps (as an epiphyte) or along brooks and ditches of coniferous forest floodplains (growing more terrestrially)

Distribution:                  

• Native to the global tropics, including northeastern Australia and Asia

• Originally native to north-eastern Australia and the foothills of the Himalayas

• It is considered naturalised on the central east coast of NSW

• Non-native distribution:

• It has been introduced into Bermuda, French Polynesia, New Zealand, and the United States 

  • It is widely cultivated and distributed by humans, currently found in tropical regions of North, Central and South America (mainly in Mexico, the Caribbean, plus parts of California and Florida), in Africa, Southeast Asia, various South Pacific islands and on the Azores

Additional notes:     

• It is similar to the related fern Nephrolepis exaltata

• Invasive species

  • It has become an invasive species is some areas where it has been introduced

  • In New Zealand it is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which prohibits the sale, cultivation and distribution of the plant

  • It is listed as an invasive species in Florida, United States

Sources of information:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrolepis_cordifolia (2023)