Marsilea drummondii

Location & distribution maps

Phylogeny & links to associated information

Wikipedia links:        Monilophytes > Salviniales > Marsileaceae > Marsilea drummondii

Other links:    

Species:    M drummondii,  M costulifera

Plant  information

Common name:         Common Nardoo  

Conservation status: ...

Etymology:   

• Marsilea – in honour of the Italian botanist, Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1656-1730), founder of the Bologna Academy of Arts and Institute of Sciences.

• drummondii – in honour of James Drummond, one of two brothers who collected for Messrs Veitch, the curator of Cork botanic garden from 1809 to 1829; James collected in Western Australia, whilst his brother, Thomas, collected in North America

Spores:                            

• The plant produces sporocarps which can remain viable for 50 years and only release spores after being thoroughly soaked

• The sporocarps are dispersed by birds that eat them but cannot digest them, and by flowing water

• The sporocarp is used for food by Aboriginal Australians, who collect, roast and grind them to powder which they mix with water to make a dough

Leaves:         

• In general the frond is made up of two pairs of leaflets and is borne erect when not floating

Stem & branches: 

Roots:         

Habit:        

• It is a rhizomatous perennial aquatic fern

•  It occurs in abundance after floods

• It can form mats on the water's surface and cover the ground in carpets as floodwaters recede

• It is variable in appearance and occurs in many types of wetland habitats

Habitat:   

• It roots in mud substrates and produces herbage that floats on the surface of quiet water bodies

• It occurs in water up to one metre deep

Distribution:                  

• Native to Australia and is widespread and common, particularly in inland regions

Additional notes:   

• Poisenous  

  • The sporocarp can be toxic due to high levels of thiaminase, which destroys thiamine

  • Consumption of large amounts can cause beriberi

  • It has been known to poison sheep, as well as humans, including the leaders of the Burke and Wills expedition

  • Nardoo must be prepared properly using heat before consumption to destroy the thiaminase

• Taxonomy

• • The earliest specimen in an Australian herbarium is MEL 0052999A

  • This was collected by Alan Cunningham in 1825 in the Brigalow Belt South region out of Gunnedah in the locality of Curlewis

Sources of information:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilea_drummondii (2023)

• https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2004/marsilea-drummondii.html#:~:text=drummondii%20contain%20high%20levels%20of,Burke%20and%20Wills%20in%201861 (July 2024)

• Additional notes:

  • The aquatic fern genus Marsilea dominates the family Marsileaceae, holding 60 of the 67 species worldwide. M. drummondii, Common Nardoo, is one of the six Marsilea species endemic to Australia, and is found across every mainland state and territory (except in the ACT)

  • It is an aquatic fern that prefers slow moving or still water, with fronds producing leaflets in the shape of four-leaf clovers, generally floating on the water’s surface

• Marsilea drummondii distribution

  • • The wide distribution of an aquatic fern in arid regions of Australia seems counter-intuitive

    • However, Common Nardoo is highly adapted to the desert environment of Australia, with spore production and germination triggered by variations in moisture to capitalise on infrequent rain and floods

    • As the waters recede, spores are produced in protective capsules, falling down the cracks of the drying mud where they can remain viable for 20-30 years

  • Identification

    • Within the genus Marsilea, M. drummondii can be identified by the spore capsule structure: the sporocarp

    • As a rule, the sporocarp stalk or pedicel (10-50mm long) is longer than the capsule or conceptacle itself (4-9mm long)

  • Place in Australian history

    • In times of food scarcity, the Aborigines ground the dry score capsules of M. drummondii to produce flour for baking

    • This preparation is essential for safe consumption, as parts of M. drummondii contain high levels of the enzyme Thiaminase

    • This enzyme induces Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency or Beri-Beri in humans and livestock

    • Perhaps the most famous casualties were the explorers Burke and Wills in 1861

    • Ironically, whilst Burke and Wills died of Beri-Beri, another member of their expedition, King, survived on the ‘nardoo cakes’ made for him by the local Aborigines

  • Gardening

    • In the home garden pond, Common Nardoo grows as a perennial

    • It is hardy, thriving in a full sun to a semi-shade gradient, withstanding Canberra frosts and regenerating quickly from stresses

    • Transplant from the pond into a pot to allow propagation and algal treatment

    • A loam should be used with a gravel surface mulch to reduce leaching of nutrients into the pond

    • To propagate, remove the plant from the pot and divide into new plants by slicing through the ‘root ball’ with a knife or secateurs

    • M. drummondii is sensitive to algaecide, so separate treatment in a bucket at ¼ recommended dosage is advisable. Monitor to ensure algal death but fern survival.

    • Common Nardoo attracts frogs to the garden, providing good breeding habitat

    • To protect pond organisms, avoid usage of chemical sprays in combating pests such as aphids

    • Instead, hose these off with a solid spray of water – they will drown and become food for tadpoles and other invertebrates

    • M. drummondii displays vigorous growth, yet does not compete with other water plants such as water lilies or milfoil – an ideal water plant when establishing a garden pond

    • Attractive foliage, vigorous growth and an interesting history make Marsilea drummondii, an excellent feature for the home water garden

Sources of information:

• https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2004/marsilea-drummondii.html#:~:text=drummondii%20contain%20high%20levels%20of,Burke%20and%20Wills%20in%201861 (July 2024)