Militarization Defined and Foreign Militaristic Societies
Militarization is the process of a country or region preparing for war using armed and combative equipment. This process can include arming forces with weaponry, uniforms, and vehicles to create the most potent military force possible. Nowadays, militarization is incredibly prevalent in daily life in the United States. Post 9/11, the U.S. government allowed military equipment available to state and local law enforcement for heightened security measures. Henry Giroux highlights that the United States “now has more police, prisons, spies, weapons, and soldiers than at any other time in its history” (41). The old style of militarization magnifies that "civil authority is subordinate to military authority," but in the modern era, militarization "engulfs the entire social order" (Giroux 41). Militarization occurs everywhere in the world, heavily popular in North Korea and the Soviet Union. North Korea proves the militaristic characteristics by having 40% of North Korea's population working in the military of some sort, and 25% of North Korea's government funding goes to the military.
History Of Militarization In The United States
(American Revolutionary War, 1775-1883)
The American Revolutionary War played a crucial role in shaping the militarization today. This fighting experience influenced the framers of the Constitution, who created the right to bear arms (the 2nd amendment). The Revolutionary War implemented the idea of the necessity to bear arms for citizens and the approach for defense and infantry for future implementations.
(Vietnam War, 1955-1975)
The Vietnam War stemmed from the idea of unconventional warfare, introducing guerilla tactics and proving significant challenges against the US. After this war, America upped the infantry, strategy, and public view of a strong force.
(9/11, 2001)
9/11 hugely influenced the American ideology on militarized weaponry and terrorist attacks. With this new fear, the US increased weaponry for police officers all around the country and created a much less taboo approach when seeing military grade weapons.
The George Floyd incident illustrates the militarization presence in the US today. After Floyd’s death, riots from all over stormed throughout America. Policemen were issued and armed with military-grade weaponry to stop and disable the civilians out of control. This incident then caused conversations about demilitarization and policy improvement.
Militarization Embedded in Our Society
Western societies, including America, have embraced the practice of commemorating fallen soldiers as a means of honoring those who sacrificed their lives for the state's interests. The constant promotion of slogans that reference lives lost contributes to a normalization of military engagement as the status quo. Linda Ahall explores how the military has integrated itself into mainstream society and explains that in the UK, wearing a red poppy leading up to Remembrance Day is widely seen as common and expected, creating a sense that's something people do (159). Remembrance Day in the UK pays tribute to service members who have died from World War One to present conflicts. The red poppy has become a normalized symbol in mainstream society, and those who choose not to wear one may face public shaming. The act of supporting the military and taking pride in one's country has become intertwined with national identity. The weeks leading up to Remembrance Day perpetuate the idea that military engagements are frequent and the primary solution to various issues. Despite numerous conflicts involving the UK since WWI, such as WWII, the Korean War, the Afghanistan War, and the Iraq War, reducing the complexity of these conflicts to a simple rose petal worn briefly seems absurd. Similarly, the United States observes a federal holiday known as Memorial Day to honor soldiers who have died in past conflicts, mirroring practices in many other countries globally. The collective remembrance of fallen soldiers has become deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of Western nations, shaping perceptions of military engagement and the sacrifices made for national interests.
Police members are supposed to promote safety and security within the community as they engage with local citizens. Citizens are supposed to trust, rather than fear, those in blue, and the police are expected to serve citizens in a humane and respectful manner. Jeff Adachi examines this trend in American cities, claiming, "90 percent of American cities with populations above 50,000 have SWAT teams, as do more than 90 percent of cities with 25,000 to 50,000 residents" (Adachi 15). Utilizing SWAT teams in quiet suburbs often intimidates citizens, especially people of color who have faced racial discrimination in America's past. Instead of forming bonds with community members, the police are equipped with special weapons that operate on the basis of fear rather than cohesive collaboration. Critics argue that while deemed essential to use SWAT teams in times of crisis, such incidents are infrequent. Adachi provides a reason for the frequent use of SWAT teams, stating, "Federal funding for local law enforcement is often based on how many people are arrested and the value of assets seized in drug busts" (15). The usage of SWAT teams is employed for simple drug busts to secure more federal funding. Citizens draw the conclusion that if the police are militarizing for a routine drug bust, one can only imagine what tactics they will employ when a legitimate threat is invoked.
Recruitment rates for U.S. military branches have seen a decline in recent years, prompting increased marketing efforts to reach citizens in their daily lives. A growing initiative has led military institutions to target parents and actively seek to recruit their children. Stuart Tannock discusses the rising antiwar movement in his publication, "Is 'Opting Out' Really an Answer?" mentioning the "Leave My Child Alone!" coalition's nationwide "Opt Out Campaign" challenging the No Child Left Behind Act. Over 9,000 kids have opted out in response (Tannock 164). The Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines have integrated themselves into mainstream society to enlist young children. Parents are often uninformed about these contacts, and officers attempt to persuade children without parental knowledge. Despite the benefits offered to those who serve, the profound impact on an individual's life and the possibility of loss are lasting considerations. Marketing tactics targeting children through the internet, TV, video games, and sporting events fall under parental supervision but remain unchecked in schools. Open communication between recruitment facilities and parents is crucial, as parents have the right to determine potential future outcomes for their children. Military advertisements in public schools require substantial capital, which could be better utilized to address diverse student needs. William Ayers highlights the financial aspect noting that Chicago spends $2.8 million on JROTC and an additional $5 million on two military academies, surpassing spending on other special programs (596). Yet, JROTC and military academies do not guarantee that students will enter the armed services. This capital could address numerous problems within the public school system and cater to a broader range of student needs.
The first step of including militarization of everyday life in an essay is considering how militarization of everyday life relates to other topics. Whether the topic has an obvious connection or a less obvious connection, try to consider how the topic can relate to militarization of everyday life.
Example:
The example to the left shows how the topic of inequalities cause by income differences relates to the topic of militarization of everyday life. This is an excellent example of how a topic that does not relate very obviously to the militarization of everyday life can still implement the topic into an essay.
Additional Sources
Disability, Masculinity, Militarism: The Paralympics and the Cultural (Re-) Production of the Para-athlete-soldier
This source is a broad source of information that references militarization, neoliberalism, ableism, and masculinity.
The Terror of Neoliberalism
Authoritarianism and the Eclipse of Democracy
Specifically pages 38-44 reference how militarization in everyday life manifests. Giroux's article provides many educational examples of militarization of everyday life.
Police Militarization in Urban Areas: The Obscure War Against the Underclass
This source references what was spoken about in the essay example above. This article focuses on the specific way that militarization affects underclass communities and populations.
Work Cited:
Ahall, Linda. "Feeling Everyday IR: Embodied, Affective, Militarising Movement as Choreography of War." Sage, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 149-166
Ayers, William. "Hearts and Minds: Military Recruitment and the High School Battlefield." Patriotism and Education, vol. 87, no. 8, pp. 594-599
Brooker, Matthew. Knitted Poppies are Displayed Around the War Memorial Outside the Christ Church in Great Ayton, North Yorkshire. 9 November 2023, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-11-10/remembrance-day-poppies-and-flags-lay-britain-s-divisions-bare?embedded-checkout=true
Diaz, Tyra. "Militarization Definition, History and Examples." Study.com, 11/21/2023,https://study.com/academy/lesson/militarism-definition-examples.html#:~:text=against%20any%20enemies.-,In%20such%20a%20society%2C%20the%20military%20plays%20a%20central%20role,contributed%20to%20World%20War%20I, Accessed December 3rd 2023.
Giroux, Henry A. Terror of Neoliberalism Authoritarianism and the Eclipse of Democracy. Routledge, 2018.
Go, Julian. "The Imperial Origins of American Policing." Chicago Press Journal, Vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 1-10
McCabe, Bret. "Does The Militarization of American Police Help Them Serve and Protect." John Hopkins Magazine, 2015, https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2015/spring/aclu-militarization-of-police/
Meeks, Daryl. “Police Militarization in Urban Areas: The Obscure War Against the Underclass.” The Black Scholar, vol. 35, no. 4, 2006, pp. 33–41.
Meng, Cai. US Weapons Sale. 7 March 2022, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/07/WS6225559ea310cdd39bc8abb8.html
Michaelson, Ruth. A Police Officer Charges Forward Holding a American-Made Riot Shield. 5 October 2020,
Pullen, Emma, and Michael Silk. “Disability, Masculinity, Militarism: The Paralympics and the Cultural (Re-)Production of the Para-Athlete-Soldier.” Journal of War
& Amp; Culture Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, 2020, pp. 444–461.
Revolutionary War. 1775-1783,https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history Accessed December 8 2023.
Tang, Isaac. Sgt. Major Mya Medina, 18, Marches Alongside Other Members of the Army's Junior ROTC program at James Monroe High School. 22 May 2023,
Tannock Stuart. "Is "Opting Out" Really an Answer? Schools, Militarism, and the Counter-Recruitment Movement in Post-September 11 United States at War."
Schools Militarism, and the Counter-Recruitment Movement, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 163-178
9/11 Rememberance. 2001,https://sk.usembassy.gov/9-11-remembrance-090721/ . Accessed December 8 2023.