Attention (conscious listening) This is especially difficult for ELL's because it is hard to concentrate when you do not understand the majority of what is being said!
There is often not a "play-back" option when listening to a speaker. This is unlike reading where students can stop and reread to allow accuracy in comprehension.
Before even beginning to comprehend what is being said, students must make words out of sounds and then sentences out of words and so on...
Spoken language adds an extra challenge in translating because of
Different accents in speakers
Contractions
Informality of speech and unstressed syllables: "Go get 'em" or "Times are a changin'."
Sounds similarities between words: example: "ship" and "sheep"