Developing River Styles

To start off my analysis for this reach of the Diamond Fork River, I first got an overview of the riverscape I am working with by using Google Earth Imagery. I thought about questions like: What is the valley setting? What are the sediment inputs that I am seeing? Where is the active and inactive floodplain?

Reach E: Sixth Water Creek: Gravel Bed, Canyon

Site Length = about 600 meters

Riverscape Width: downstream end = about 18 meters, upstream end = about 10 meters

To calculate slope, I found the elevation at the top of the reach (1704 meters) and the bottom of the reach (1687 meters) using Google Earth. The reach is 600 meters in length along the bankfull channel centerline.

(1704 m - 1687 m)/ 600 m = 0.283 x 100 = 2.83% slope

To calculate sinuosity, I measured the length of channel centerline (603.4 m) and the length of the valley bottom centerline (602.5 m).

603.4 m/ 602.5 m = 1.00 sinuosity which means that this reach is straight to very low sinuosity

To calculate confinement, I measured the length of the channel margin (558 m) and the length of the channel (600 m).

The length of the confining margin = 77 m + 305 m + 176 m = 558 m

558 m/ 600 m = 0.93 x 100 = 93% confined so this reach is confined and nearly constricted riverscape.

To calculate constriction, I measured the length of the constricted channel margin (493.2 m) and the length of the channel (600 m)

The length of the constricted margin = 42.2 m + 312 m + 139 m = 493.2 m

493.2 m/600 m = 0.822 x 100 = 82.2% constricted.

Area of Valley Bottom Margin: 8,443.3 meters squared

Area of Active Channel: 7,879.3 meters squared

Area of Active Floodplain: 564.0 meters squared

(8,443.3 meters squared - 7,879.3 meters squared = 564.0 meters squared)

*Note: there is no inactive floodplain on this reach

Instream Geomorphic Units

Geomorphic units are the building blocks of river systems. They are defined by their morphology (shape and geometry), sedimentary composition, bounding surfaces, and position on the valley floor. Erosional or depositional processes, or a range of these, produce these features. Instream geomorphic units are found along a slope-induced energy and textural gradient. The pattern of these instream geomorphic units helps explain the geometry (shape and size) of the channel.

Based on the Google imagery and that the channel bed is gravel throughout this reach, runs can be seen. This means that water and sediment is being conveyed smoothly and the slope of the channel is low to intermediate. However, since the slope is steeper than the other reaches, rapids could also be present. Boulders are structurally realigned during high-energy events to form stable transverse ribs that are not associated with either divergent or convergent flow. Typically 15-50% of the stream demonstrates supercritical flow.

Because the channel bed is gravel and there are some fallen trees in the river, forced riffles will occur in the channel. The flow here is characterized by high-energy turbulence over lobate accumulations of course bedload materials and wood.

There could also potentially be pools in this reach of the channel. There could be a forced pool from the fallen trees in the river. A forced pool creates an area of tranquil flow within high-energy settings that may accumulate finer grained materials at low-modern flow stages, but they are flushed and possibly scoured during extreme events.

There are a few lateral bars in this reach of the channel. Bar length and width are proportional to the flows in the channel. Bars form by lateral or oblique accretion processes, with some suspended-load materials atop, meaning they typically form in an upward fining depositional sequence.

Potentially one mid-channel bar in the downstream end of the reach, but I am not 100% sure about this. I came to this conclusion from looking at the LiDAR DEM hillshade, as it is hard to tell what is happening in that portion of the reach from the NAIP and Google Imagery. As flow diverges around the coarse bedload fraction it is no longer competent to transport sediment and materials are deposited in mid channel. Finer materials are trapped in the wake. However, this could also mean that there is too much sediment for the channel to transport and therefore the material was deposited

All of these features are displayed in the images below:

Floodplain Geomorphic Units

Floodplains are areas of sediment accumulation made up of alluvial materials between the channel banks and the valley margin. Floodplains accumulate sediment when the sediment supply during overbank flow events exceeds the transport capacity of the flow and sediment is deposited. Floodplains are often poorly drained, acting as stilling basins in which fine-grained suspended-load sediment settle out from over-bank flows.

I thought these features were alluvial terraces, however after discussing this site in class, alluvial terraces are not found in the valley bottom margin. Alluvial terraces are initially formed by lateral and vertical accretion processes under prior flow conditions. A change in base level or shifts in sediment-load and discharge regime (linked to climate) prompt downcutting into valley floor deposits, abandoning the former floodplain. Below is what I thought was an alluvial terraces, but instead is probably just an elevated surface. This surface could have been part of an historical active channel.

There is very little to no floodplain on this reach, therefore I only identified one floodplain geomorphic units on this reach. However, this one floodplain unit is probably not correct.