Physics, Earth-Space Science, & Engineering

Standards - Physics

2.1 Understand structure and properties of matter. 

 a. Analyze the basic substructure of an atom (i.e., protons, neutrons, and electrons).  

 b. Differentiate between atoms and their isotopes, ions, molecules, elements, and compounds.  

 c. Apply knowledge of the development and organization of the periodic table and predict the  properties of elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic table.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of nuclear forces that hold nuclei together and are responsible for  nuclear processes (e.g., fission, fusion) and radioactivity (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma  decay).  

e. Demonstrate knowledge of the characteristics of the different states of matter.   

f. Apply knowledge of physical changes of matter and physical properties of matter.   

g. Demonstrate knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, of  acids, bases, and neutral solutions.  

 h. Apply knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of water.  

2.2  Understand chemical reactions and biochemistry. 

 a. Recognize that chemical reactions can be understood in terms of the collisions between  ions, atoms, or molecules and the rearrangement of particles.  

 b. Apply knowledge of the principles of conservation of matter to chemical reactions,  including balancing chemical equations.  

 c. Describe the effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on chemical equilibrium  (Le Chatelier's principle) and reaction rate.  

 d. Analyze chemical bonding with respect to an element's position in the periodic table.   

e. Demonstrate knowledge of the central role of carbon in the chemistry of living systems.  

2.3 Understand motion and stability: forces and interactions.

 a. Apply knowledge of Newton's laws of motion and law of universal gravitation and  recognize the relationship between these laws and the laws of conservation of energy and  momentum.  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the definition of pressure and how pressure relates to fluid flow  and buoyancy, including describing everyday phenomena (e.g., the functioning of heart  valves, atmospheric pressure). 

 c. Identify the separate forces that act on a system (e.g., gravity, tension/compression, normal  force, friction), describe the net force on the system, and describe the effect on the stability  of the system.  

 d. Analyze displacement, motion, and forces using models (e.g., vector, graphic  representation, equations).  

 e. Identify fundamental forces, including gravity, nuclear forces, and electromagnetic forces  (magnetic and electric), and recognize their roles in nature, such as the role of gravity in  maintaining the structure of the universe.  

2.4 Understand waves and their applications in technologies for information transfer.  

 a. Compare the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves (e.g.,  transverse/longitudinal, travel through various media, relative speed).  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between wave frequency, wavelength, and  amplitude and energy.  

 c. Demonstrate knowledge of resonance and of the reflection, refraction, and transmission of  waves.  

 d. Apply knowledge of electromagnetic radiation, including analyzing evidence that supports  the wave and particle models that explain the properties of electromagnetic radiation.   

e. Evaluate evidence that indicates that certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation may  affect living cells.  

 f. Demonstrate knowledge of how lenses are used in simple optical systems, including the  camera, telescope, microscope, and eye.  

 g. Compare and contrast the transmission, reflection, and absorption of light in matter.   

h. Demonstrate knowledge of how energy and information are transferred by waves without  mass transfer, including recognizing technology that employ this phenomenon.  

2.5 Understand energy.

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of kinetic and potential energy.  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the ways in which energy manifests itself at the macroscopic  level (e.g., motion, sound, light, thermal energy).  

 c. Demonstrate knowledge of the principle of conservation of energy, including analyzing  energy transfers.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of how the transfer of energy as heat is related to changes in  temperature and interpret the direction of heat flow in a system.  

 e. Apply knowledge of heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation, including  analyzing examples of each mode of heat transfer. 

 f. Analyze how chemical energy in fuel is transformed to heat.  

 g. Demonstrate knowledge of the energy changes that accompany changes in states of matter.  

2.6  Understand electricity and magnetism.  

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of electrostatic and magnetostatic phenomena, including  evaluating examples of each type of phenomenon.  

 b. Predict charges or poles on the basis of attraction/repulsion observations.  

 c. Relate electric currents to magnetic fields and describe the application of these  relationships, such as in electromagnets, electric current generators, motors, and  transformers.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of how energy is stored and can change in electric and magnetic  fields.  

 e. Interpret simple series and parallel circuits.  

 f. Demonstrate knowledge of the definitions of power, voltage differences, current, and  resistance and calculate their values in simple circuits.  

Standards - Earth & Space Science

4.1 Understand Earth's place in the universe. 

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of the evidence for the Big Bang model (e.g., light spectra, motion  of distant galaxies, spectra of primordial radiation).  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of how astronomical instruments are used to collect data and how  astronomical units are used to describe distances.  

 c. Demonstrate knowledge of the factors that contribute to a star's color, size, and luminosity  and how a star's light spectrum and brightness can be used to identify compositional  elements, movements, and distance from Earth.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of nuclear fusion in stars, including the relationship between a  star's mass and stage of its lifetime and the elements produced. 

 e. Demonstrate knowledge of the formation and structure of the solar system, its place in the  Milky Way galaxy, and the characteristics of various objects in the solar system.  

 f. Recognize how evidence from the study of lunar rocks, asteroids, and meteorites provides  information about Earth's formation and history.  

 g. Compare and contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophism.  

 h. Demonstrate knowledge of the regular and predictable patterns of movements of stars,  planets, and the moon and their effects on Earth's systems (e.g., seasons, eclipses, tides).  

 i. Apply knowledge of how Kepler's laws are used to predict the motion of orbiting objects.  

4.2  Understand Earth's materials and systems and surface processes. 

 a. Recognize various forms of evidence (e.g., seismic waves, iron meteorites, magnetic field  data) that led to the current model of Earth's structure (i.e., hot but solid inner core, a liquid  outer core, a solid mantle and crust).  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the dynamic processes of erosion, deposition, and transport,  including evidence for connections between these processes and the formation of Earth's  materials.  

 c. Demonstrate knowledge of relative and absolute dating techniques, including how half lives are used in radiometric dating and of how evidence from rock strata is used to  establish the geologic timescale.  

 d. Recognize the factors that can alter the flow of energy into and out of Earth's systems  (e.g., tectonic events, ocean circulation, volcanic activity, vegetation).  

 e. Relate the abundance of liquid water on Earth's surface and water's physical and chemical  properties to the dynamic processes shaping the planet's materials and surface.  

f. Demonstrate knowledge of surficial processes that form geographic features of Earth's  surface (e.g., mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering).  

4.3 Understand plate tectonics and large-scale system interactions. 

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of the evidence for plate tectonics (e.g., the ages of crustal rocks,  distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes) and relate plate movements to  continental and ocean-floor features.  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the thermal processes driving plate movement and relate density  and buoyancy to plate tectonics.  

 c. Demonstrate knowledge of the differences between types of plate boundaries, causes of  volcanoes, earthquakes, and how Earth's resources relate to tectonic processes.   

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of the factors contributing to the extent of damage caused by an  earthquake (e.g., epicenter, focal mechanism, distance, geologic substrate).  

4.4 Understand weather and climate. 

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of the water cycle and the interrelationships of surface and  subsurface reservoirs.  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of the causes of daily, seasonal, and climatic changes and analyze  the uneven heating of Earth by the sun.  

 c. Analyze the effects of air movements on weather and interpret weather maps to predict  weather patterns.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of the energy transfer processes of convection, conduction, and  radiation in relation to the atmosphere/ocean and Earth's interior structure.  

 e. Demonstrate knowledge of the mechanisms and the significance of the greenhouse effect on  Earth, including the roles of the oceans and biosphere in absorbing greenhouse gases.  

f. Demonstrate knowledge of human activities and their impact on global climate change.  

4.5 Understand natural resources and natural hazards.

 a. Demonstrate knowledge of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources (e.g., fossil fuels,  nuclear fuels, solar, biomass).  

 b. Demonstrate knowledge of Earth's materials as resources (e.g., rocks, minerals, soils, water)  that have a global distribution affected by past and current geological processes.  

 c. Analyze extraction and recycling processes in relation to energy, cost, and demand.   

d. Demonstrate knowledge of sustainable uses of resources with respect to utility, cost, and  demand.  

 e. Demonstrate knowledge of the effects of natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,  floods) on natural and human-made habitats.  

 f. Demonstrate knowledge of how the availability of natural resources and the existence of  natural hazards and other geologic events have influenced the development of human  society.  

Traditional Geoscience

• • (8) Lithosphere | (copy)

  • (9) Hydrosphere | (copy)

  • (10)Atmosphere | (copy)

  • (11) Astronomy | (copy)