Physics-I

Outline

2.3 Motion and stability: forces and interactions.

a. Apply knowledge of Newton's laws of motion and law of universal gravitation and recognize the relationship between these laws and the laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

b. Demonstrate knowledge of the definition of pressure and how pressure relates to fluid flow and buoyancy, including describing everyday phenomena (e.g., the functioning of heart valves, atmospheric pressure).

c. Identify the separate forces that act on a system (e.g., gravity, tension/compression, normal force, friction), describe the net force on the system, and describe the effect on the stability of the system.

d. Analyze displacement, motion, and forces using models (e.g., vector, graphic representation, equations).

e. Identify fundamental forces, including gravity, nuclear forces, and electromagnetic forces (magnetic and electric), and recognize their roles in nature, such as the role of gravity in maintaining the structure of the universe.

2.4 Waves and their applications

a. Compare the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves (e.g., transverse/longitudinal, travel through various media, relative speed).

b. Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between wave frequency, wavelength, and amplitude and energy.

c. Demonstrate knowledge of resonance and of the reflection, refraction, and transmission of waves.

d. Apply knowledge of electromagnetic radiation, including analyzing evidence that supports the wave and particle models that explain the properties of electromagnetic radiation. e. Evaluate evidence that indicates that certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation may affect living cells.

f. Demonstrate knowledge of how lenses are used in simple optical systems, including the camera, telescope, microscope, and eye.

g. Compare and contrast the transmission, reflection, and absorption of light in matter. h. Demonstrate knowledge of how energy and information are transferred by waves without mass transfer, including recognizing technology that employ this phenomenon.

2.5 Energy

a. Demonstrate knowledge of kinetic and potential energy.

b. Demonstrate knowledge of the ways in which energy manifests itself at the macroscopic level (e.g., motion, sound, light, thermal energy).

c. Demonstrate knowledge of the principle of conservation of energy, including analyzing energy transfers.

d. Demonstrate knowledge of how the transfer of energy as heat is related to changes in temperature and interpret the direction of heat flow in a system.

e. Apply knowledge of heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation, including analyzing examples of each mode of heat transfer.

f. Analyze how chemical energy in fuel is transformed to heat.

g. Demonstrate knowledge of the energy changes that accompany changes in states of matter.

2.6 Electricity and magnetism.

a. Demonstrate knowledge of electrostatic and magnetostatic phenomena, including evaluating examples of each type of phenomenon.

b. Predict charges or poles on the basis of attraction/repulsion observations. c. Relate electric currents to magnetic fields and describe the application of these relationships, such as in electromagnets, electric current generators, motors, and transformers.

d. Demonstrate knowledge of how energy is stored and can change in electric and magnetic fields.

e. Interpret simple series and parallel circuits.

f. Demonstrate knowledge of the definitions of power, voltage differences, current, and resistance and calculate their values in simple circuits.