Chemistry-I

2.1  structure and properties of matter.

 a. Analyze the basic substructure of an atom (i.e., protons, neutrons, and electrons).  

 b. Differentiate between atoms and their isotopes, ions, molecules, elements, and compounds.  

 c. Apply knowledge of the development and organization of the periodic table and predict the  properties of elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic table.  

 d. Demonstrate knowledge of nuclear forces that hold nuclei together and are responsible for  nuclear processes (e.g., fission, fusion) and radioactivity (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma  decay).  

 e. Demonstrate knowledge of the characteristics of the different states of matter.   

f. Apply knowledge of physical changes of matter and physical properties of matter.   

g. Demonstrate knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, of  acids, bases, and neutral solutions.  

 h. Apply knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of water.  

2.2 Chemical reactions and biochemistry. 

 a. Recognize that chemical reactions can be understood in terms of the collisions between  ions, atoms, or molecules and the rearrangement of particles.  

 b. Apply knowledge of the principles of conservation of matter to chemical reactions,  including balancing chemical equations.  

 c. Describe the effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on chemical equilibrium  (Le Chatelier's principle) and reaction rate.  

 d. Analyze chemical bonding with respect to an element's position in the periodic table.  

 e. Demonstrate knowledge of the central role of carbon in the chemistry of living systems.  

2.5 Understand energy.

a. Demonstrate knowledge of kinetic and potential energy.

b. Demonstrate knowledge of the ways in which energy manifests itself at the macroscopic level (e.g., motion, sound, light, thermal energy).

c. Demonstrate knowledge of the principle of conservation of energy, including analyzing energy transfers.

d. Demonstrate knowledge of how the transfer of energy as heat is related to changes in temperature and interpret the direction of heat flow in a system.

e. Apply knowledge of heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation, including analyzing examples of each mode of heat transfer.

f. Analyze how chemical energy in fuel is transformed to heat.

g. Demonstrate knowledge of the energy changes that accompany changes in states of matter.