1.9 Compare IPv4 Address types

IP Terminology-

• Bit- One digit, either a 1 or a 0
• Byte- 7 or 8 bits, depends on if parity is in use
• Octet- 8 bits, byte and octet are interchangeable
• Network address- Designation used in routing to send packets
• Broadcast address- The address used to send information to all hosts on a network

IP network classes-

1. Class A- 0.x.x.x- 127.x.x.x
   • the first bit of is assigned a zero, limiting the max to 127 in the first octet
   • First byte is assigned to the network address- network.node.node.node
   • Can have a total of 16,777,214 node address
   • 0 and 127 are reserved address ranges and not valid
2. Class B- 128.x.x.x- 191.x.x.x
   • The first bit must always be on and second Bit off. first octect can only be 128- 191
   • First two bytes are used for the network- network.network.node.node
   • 16,384 unique network addresses
   • 65,534 unique Node addresses
3. Class C- 192.x.x.x- 223.x.x.x
   • First two bits must always be on 3rd bit must always be off. Limits first octet to 192- 223
   • First three bytes are used for network address- network.network.network.node
   • 2,097,152 unique network addresses
   • 254 unique Node Addresses
4. Class D 224.x.x.x-239.x.x.x Class E- 240.x.x.x- 255.x.x.x
   • Used for scientific purposes

Network addresses with special purposes

1. Network address of all 0's - This network or segment
2. Network address of all 1's- All networks
3. Network address 127.0.0.1- Loopback- allows the node to send a test packet to itself to generate network traffic.
4. Node Address of all 0's- Network address of any host on specified network
5. Node address of all 1's- All nodes on specified network
6. Entire IP address set to 0's- Default route or any network
7. Entire IP set to 1's- Broadcast to all nodes on the current network

IP address types-

• Loopback- Used to test the IP stack- any address 127.0.0.1- 127.255.255.254
• Layer 2 Broadcast- Send to all nodes on a lan, Hardware broadcasts, don't go past the LAN(Router)
• Broadcasts(Layer 3)- Sent to all nodes on the network
• Unicast- Address of a single interface and used to send packets to a single destination
• Multicast- Sent from a single source and transmitted to many devices on different networks, One to many, Allows a group of hosts to receive a packet without flooding the network, The host sends the packet and the router sends it only to "subscribed" members. IP multicast group, Address groups- 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255.