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Learning Theory 1 : Behaviorism
Learning Theory 1 : Behaviorism
The first learning theory "Behaviorism" was developed and expanded by J.B.Watson early in the 20th century. He insisted that psychology should be studied through observable behaviors. At the middle of 20th century, B.F.Skinner popularized behaviorism and refer to the connection between stimuli-response and positive/negative reinforcement. The concept of Behaviorism is the set of "Stimulus" and "Response". You can design learning activities to teach students specific objects such as remembering medical drug name, how to categorize plants, and judging fictional legal cases based on the specific law. On the other hand, behaviorism can treat learning activities which has only single answer. On the other hand, it cannot treat learning activities such as building appropriate attitude.
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Learning Theory 2 : Cognitivism and Connectivism
Learning Theory 2 : Cognitivism and Connectivism
Behaviorism focuses on the stimulus and observable behavior. On the other hand, cognitive theory focuses on what is going on in the mind as learning taking place. Cognitive psychologist implemented various experiments and revealed the mechanism of human’s information processing and memory. Furthermore, according to social cognitivism, learning does not happen solitary and individual knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others. On the other hand, connectivism insists that learning is a process that occurs within nebulous environments of shifting core elements – not entirely under the control of the individual. Learning (defined as actionable knowledge) can reside outside of ourselves (within an organization or a database), is focused on connecting specialized information sets, and the connections that enable us to learn more are more important than our current state of knowing.
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Learning Theory 3 : Constructivism
Learning Theory 3 : Constructivism
Constructivism emphasizes the importance of students’ active engagement in the learning process. Learning objectives are student-centered and use the verbs such as “reason,” “reflect,” and “justify.” Constructivism has 3 important ideas "The Zone of Proximal Development", "Scaffolding", and "Social Constructivism". The Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD means providing appropriately challenging learning tasks to let learner“stretch” his abilities, seek assistance from others, and grow without becoming frustrated. Furthermore, learners require the active and the purposeful support of instructors when building on their prior knowledge and schemata. This support is called scaffolding. Learner's reliance on the instructor lessens as learning continues. Social constructivism means that we learn and develop through interactions, with language playing a key role.
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Learning Theory 4 : Andragogy
Learning Theory 4 : Andragogy
Andragogy is the learning theory which focuses on the characteristic of adults and the important aspects to teach learners. Contrary to Pedagogy, teaching adults requiress consideration such as what they expect for learning. Malcom Knowles proposed 5 assumptions regarding Andragogy. This 5 assumptions explains the characteristics of adult learners and considering these factors when designing learning activities is very important.
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