The forethought phase happens before the effort to learn. It involves goal setting and planning which can include outlining the steps the task will use as well as the goal the student will work toward. Self-motivation is part of the forethought phase because it stems from the student's beliefs about learning (Zimmerman 67-68).

The performance phase occurs during the effort to learn and is where the steps outlined in the previous phase take place. In this phase, students must demonstrate self-control to stay on task and not become distracted by other activities. it is important for students to use self-observation during this phase to ensure they are completing the task. By monitoring themselves, students can check if they are on track to obtain the goal they set in the forethought phase (Zimmerman 68).

The self-reflection phase occurs after the effort to learn is accomplished. Students reflect on their performance and how it compares to a standard performance. Self-reaction will also take place in this phase which includes self-satisfaction and positive affect in response to their performance. Motivation improves when self-satisfaction increases (Zimmerman 68).