Seriously, how is Covid like AIDS?

COVID-19: Study Suggests Long-term Damage to Immune System NIH News Release: "...findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection damages the CD8+ T cell response, an effect akin to that observed in earlier studies showing long-term damage to the immune system after infection with viruses such as hepatitis C or HIV."

Severe COVID-19 May Cause Long-Term Immune System ChangesResearchers found changes in gene expression in the stem cells that produce innate immune response.

"Taken together, the investigators write, these findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection damages the CD8+ T cell response, an effect akin to that observed in earlier studies showing long-term damage to the immune system after infection with viruses such as hepatitis C or HIV. " - SARS-CoV-2 infection weakens immune cell response to vaccination study - directly as follows:

SARS-CoV-2 infection weakens immune-cell response to vaccinationNIH-funded study suggests need to boost CD8+ T cell response after infection.

Evidence of the pathogenic HERV-W envelope expression in T lymphocytes in association with the respiratory outcome of COVID-19 patients

April 2021

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(21)00134-1/fulltext

Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunctions of lymphocytes in COVID-19 recovered individuals July 2020

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.20144030v1

SARS-CoV-2 induces human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope protein expression in blood lymphocytes and in tissues of COVID-19 patients Jan 2022

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.21266111v2

Dynamic changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in adult patients with COVID-19 Sept 2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220305452

NYT: “In a disturbing parallel to HIV, coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells.”

How the Coronavirus Short-Circuits the Immune System (Published 2020)In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells, recent studies found.

2022: “SARS-CoV-2 causes more T-cell death than HIV.”

https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/long-covid-19-spreads-wide-toxic-net-that-includes-kids

Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implicationsImmune responses of COVID-19 patients are cataloged and compared with those of healthy individuals.

2023, the Merck Manual: “Like HIV, SARS-CoV-2 causes lymphocytopenia.”

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475725v1

A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infectionsSARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 are RNA viruses that have killed millions of people worldwide. Understanding the similarities and differences between these two infections is critical for understanding disease progression and for developing effective vaccines and therapies, particularly for 38 million HIV-1+ individuals who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to perform a systematic comparison of 94,442 PBMCs from 7 COVID-19 and 9 HIV-1+ patients in an integrated immune atlas, in which 27 different cell types were identified using an accurate consensus single-cell annotation method. While immune cells in both cohorts show shared inflammation and disrupted mitochondrial function, COVID-19 patients exhibit stronger humoral immunity, broader IFN-I signaling, elevated Rho GTPase and mTOR pathway activities, and downregulated mitophagy. Our results elucidate transcriptional signatures associated with COVID-19 and HIV-1 that may reveal insights into fundamental disease biology and potential therapeutic targets to treat these viral infections. Highlights ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections

https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10316866

Covid impacts: Immune Dysfunction

Memorial Sloan Kettering Library

https://libguides.mskcc.org/CovidImpacts/Immune

Inflammation in severe COVID linked to bad fungal microbiomeAn overabundant ‘mycobiota’ in the gut might be involved in triggering harmful immune responses.

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Sustained cellular immune dysregulation in individuals recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2 causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and significant mortality. Studies investigating underlying immune characteristics are needed to understand disease pathogenesis and inform vaccine design. In this study, we examined immune ...

COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource - WHNCOVID-19 and long COVID can have long-lasting effects on the immune system and immune cells, leaving people more vulnerable to future illness

Naive T cells missing and higher markers of T cell exhaustion post covid:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034159/full

Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jan 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x

persisting after 8 months:

Immune dysfunction (including lack of naive T and B cells) did not resolve after 8 months (study cohort: patients that developed LC after mild/moderate infections):

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x?s=09