Kingdom Monera encompasses all prokaryotic organisms, which are the oldest, smallest, and most abundant life forms on Earth. They are single-celled organisms lacking a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Cellularity: Unicellular
Nucleus: No nuclear membrane (genetic material is found in a nucleoid).
Organelles: Lack membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, Golgi apparatus).
Genetic Material: A single, circular chromosome. Many also have small, circular DNA pieces called plasmids.
Cell Wall: Most have a rigid cell wall, often strengthened by a polymer called peptidoglycan.
Motility: Many are motile and move using flagella.
Reproduction: Primarily through binary fission (asexual).
Habitat: Ubiquitous; found in virtually every environment on Earth.
→ Nutrition: Diverse modes
Autotrophs: Synthesize their own food (e.g., via photosynthesis).
Heterotrophs: Obtain nutrients from organic matter.
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS
Often referred to as "true bacteria," this domain contains the bacteria most commonly encountered.
These are ancient prokaryotes often found in extreme environments, though they are also present in more moderate conditions. They are genetically and biochemically distinct from bacteria.
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