Skopos

"It has frequently been claimed that a translatum should have the 'same effect' as the source text; but, for this to be possible, it may be necessary to change the function. For this reason we shall not regard invariance of effect as an absolute requirement." Reiss and Vermeer, 1984.

The phases of Skopos

1. Setting the Skopos

Assessment of the target audience. "If the target audience is not known, it is impossible to decide whether or not a particular function makes sense to them." (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984, p.91)

2. Relevance

"Redefining the relevance of certain aspects of the source text according to the skopos set" (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984, p.91)

3. Working through the Skopos

"The source text is transferred functionally , taking the expectations of the target audience into account." (Reiss and Vermeer, 1984, p.91)