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"Savo deve eko Narayana na dwitiyacha kaschit"
There is only one God Narayana and no second
[Yajur Veda]
Rig Veda 7.40.5: Rudra gets his strength by propitiating Vishnu.
Rig Veda 7.99.1-4: Vishnu is said to create Surya and Agni.
Rig Veda 10.90.13: States that Brahman (here addressed as The Purusha) created Surya, Agni, Indra, Vaayu, and Chandra
Rig Veda 10.121.2: States that He (here addressed as Hiranyagarbha) is the "Giver of vital breath, of power and vigour, he whose commandments all the gods acknowledge."
Rig Veda 10.190.3: States that Brahman (here addressed as Dhaatar) created Surya and Chandra
Aitareya Upanishad 1.2.1-4: States that He created the devas, provided them with nourishment, and ordered them into their respective abodes
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 1.3.1-18: Refers to the devas as Prajaapati's sons, and explains how they had to surpass the asuras by learning the process of yagna (they could not do it without).
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10: Says that only the devas "became that" (Brahman) by understanding knowing Brahman. But if the devas are already the all-knowing Brahman, then from whence the question of not understanding that?
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 2.1.20: States that all devas emanate from Brahman. Note that this mantra concludes the chapter in which Gargya speaks of meditating on Brahman within each of the devas.
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 3.6.1: Gaargi asks by what is the world of the devas pervaded. The ultimate answer is of course Brahman. But the point is, the devas, if Brahman, shouldn't be pervaded by something else.
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 3.9.1-11: This is the famous antaryaami Braahmana in which it is stated that Brahman inhabits (among other things) the various devas presiding over moon, sky, the directions, the sun, etc, yet is not known by them.
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.16: States that the devas meditate on that Brahman as light/longevity.
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 5.5.1: States that the devas, along with men and asuras are Prajaapati's sons.
Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 5.5.1: States that Brahman created Prajaapati, and Prajaapati created the devas.
Chaandogya Upanishad 4.3.1-7: Describe He who swallowed the other four devas (agni, vAyu, ApaH, prAna), and then describes Him as the creator of all beings.
Katha Upanishad 2.3.3: States that the devas (Agni, Vaayu, Indra, Surya, and Mrtyu) carry out their respective functions out of fear of Him (Brahman).
Mundaka Upanishad 2.1.7: States that from Him emerged the devas and all other living entities.
Prashna Upanishad 2.1-4: Explains how the various devas presiding over different parts of the body are all subordinate to Vishnu.
Narayana Suktam:
narayanam mahagnyeyam vishvatmanam parayanam |
narayana paro jyotir-atma narayanah parah || 4 ||
Lord Narayana is the greatest knowledge (Mahajneya), the soul of the world (Visvatma) and the best refuge (parayana). Narayana is the most effulgent (Parajyoti), Narayana is the Super soul (Paramatma).
narayanam param brahma tatvam narayanah parah |
narayana paro dhyata dhyanam narayanah parah || 5 ||
Narayana is the Supreme Absolute (Parambrahma), Narayana is the Supreme Tattva (Paratattva). Narayana is the best of those who meditate (Paradhyata) and the best of meditations (Paradhyana)."
Rig Veda 1.22.18
trini pada vi cakrame visnurgopa adabhyah
ato dharmani dharayan
Vishnu, the Guardian, he whom none deceiveth, made three steps; thenceforth establishing his high decrees.
Rig Veda
asya devasya milhuso vaya visnoresasya prabhrthe havirbhih
vide hi rudro rudriyam mahitvam yasistam vartirasvinaviravat
With offerings I propitiate the branches of this swift-moving God, the bounteous Vishnu. Hence Rudra gained his Rudra-strength: O Asvins, ye sought the house that hath celestial viands.
Taittiriya Samhita 5.5.1
aniravamo devatAnAM viShNuH paramaH
Vishnu is the supreme amongst devatas.
dādhāra dakṣamuttamamaharvidaṃ vrajaṃ ca viṣṇuḥ sakhivānaporṇute
"Viṣṇu hath power supreme and might that finds the day" (Rig Veda 1:156:4)
oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ
"All the suras (i.e., the devas) look always toward the feet of Lord Vishnu." (Rig Veda, 1:22:20)
agnirvai devanamavamo vishnuh paramah tadantara sarva devatah
"Agni is the lowest and Vishnu is the highest among devas. All other gods occupy positions that are in between." (Aitareya Brahmana 1.1.1)
"Then we shall expound the Mahopanishad. They say Narayana was alone. There were not Brahma, Shiva, Waters, Fire and Soma, Heaven and Earth, Stars, Sun and Moon. He could not be happy" (Maha Upanishad: I-1-4)
"Narayana desired to create people. Because of this thought, Soul (prana) rose from him. Mind and all body parts, sky, air, light, water and the earth which can carry all these created beings took their form. From Narayana, Brahma was born. From Narayana, Rudra (Shiva) was born. From Narayana, Indra was born .From Narayana those people who rule these human beings were born. From Narayana, the twelve suns, eleven Rudras, Eight Vasus and all those meters (for writing) were born. All these function because of Narayana. All these end in Narayana. Thus is read, the Upanishads of Rig Veda." (Narayana Upanishad)
om namah
sac-cid-ananda-rupaya
krishnayaklista-karine
namo vedanta-vedyaya
gurave buddhi-saksine
Om namah. I offer my respectful obeisances to Shri Krishna, whose form is eternal and full of knowledge and bliss, who is the rescuer from distress, who is understood by Vedanta, who is the supreme spiritual master, and who is the witness in everyone's heart.[Goapl Tapani Upanishad 1.1]
tad u hovaca brahmanah -
krsno vai paramam daivatam
govindan mrtyur bibheti
gopijanavallabha-jnanena taj jnatam bhavati
svahayedam samsarati
Brahma replied to them: "Krishna is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Death fears Govinda. By understanding Gopijanavallabha everything becomes known. By pronouncing the word "svaha" the Personality of Godhead created the world.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 1.3]
krishnam tam vipra bahuda yajanti
govindam santam bahudharadhyanti gopijanavallabho bhuvanani dadhre svahashrito jagad ejayat suretah
Many brahmanas worship Krishna. Many worship eternal Govinda. Gopijanavallabha maintains the worlds. Powerful Svaha moves the universe.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 1.15]
etasyaiva yajanena candra-dhvajo gata-mohatmanam vedayitva omkarantaralikam manum avarttayan sanga-rahito'bhyapa tat
By worshipping Him, Siva became free from illusion, and by chanting this mantra in a solitary place, he attained the Lord.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad1.31]
Hari-vamsa, Lord Siva explains the meaning of the name Kesava:
iso'ham sarva-dehinam
avam tavanga-sambhutav
atah kesava-namabhag
"Both Brahma (ka) and I (isa), the master of all living entities, were born from You, and for this reason, O Lord, You are known as Kesava."
tasmat krishna eva paro devas tam dhyayet tam raset tam bhajet tam yajed ity om tat sad iti
Therefore, Krishna is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. One should meditate upon Him, glorify Him, serve Him and worship Him. Om tat sat.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 1.54]
yo gopan jivan vai atmatvenasrsti-paryantam alati sa gopalo bhavati om tat sat so'ham param brahma krishnatmako nityanandaika-rupah so'ham om //
Because since the beginning of creation He lovingly protects (alati) the conditioned souls (gopa), He is known as Gopala. Om tat sat. I am a spirit. I am a part-and-parcel of Krishna. My spiritual form is eternally full of bliss. Om.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 2.50]
gopalo'ham ajo nityah
pradyumno'ha sanatanah
ramo'ham aniruddho'ham
atmanam arcayed budhah
I am unborn, eternal Gopala. I am eternal Pradyumna. I am Rama. I am Aniruddha. He who is intelligent worships Me.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 2.60]
yena suryagni-vak-candram
tejasa sva-svarupina
vartate kaustubhakhyam hi
manim vadantisa-maninah
Aware of My supremacy, the sages declare that the splendour of the sun, moon, fire, and eloquent speech has come from My glittering Kaustubha jewel.[Gopal Tapani Upanishad 2.83]
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