Table 1).The transplantation of stem cells can be autologous, allogenic, and syngeneic for induction of tissue regeneration and immunolysis of pathogen or malignant cells. For avoiding the consequences of host-versusgraft rejections, tissue typing of human leucocyte antigens (HLA) for tissue and organ transplant as well as use of Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Cell Biology Volume 2016, Article ID 6940283, 24 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6940283 2 International Journal of Cell Biology Healthy donor Patient (1) ESCs, (2) TSPSCs, (3) MSCs , (4) UCSCs, (5) BMSCs , (6) IPSCs Promises of stem cells in regenerative medicines (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (i) T1DM and T2DM treatment (ii) SLE (autoimmune disease) treatment (iii) Application for HI treatment (iv) Krabbe’s disease treatment (v) Hematopoiesis in neuroblastoma (i) Improvement of spinal cord injury (ii) Regeneration of retinal sheet (iii) Generation of retinal ganglion cells (iv) Healing of heart defects (v) Hepatic cell formation (vii) Cartilage lesion treatment (viii) Regeneration of pacemaker (ix) In vitro gametogenesis (i) Regeneration of kidney tissue (ii) Vision restoration in AMD (iii) Treatment of placental defects (iv) Treatment of brain cortex defects (v) ASD and autism treatment (vi) Treatment of liver and lung disease (vii) Generation of serotonin neurons (viii) Regeneration of pacemaker (i) Treatment of diabetes and retinopathy (ii) Neurodental therapeutic applications (iii) Restoration of cognitive functions (iv) Brain and cancer treatment (v) Ear acoustic function restoration (vi) Regeneration of intestinal mucosa (vii) Treatment of vision defects (viii) Muscle regeneration (ix) Regeneration of fallopian tube (i) Regeneration of bladder tissue (ii) Muscle regeneration (iii) Regeneration of teeth tissue (iv) Healing of orthopedic injuries (v) Recovery from muscle injuries (vi) Hear scar repair after attack (i) Treatment of anemia and blood cancer (ii) Retroviral therapy (iii) Correction of neuronal defects (iv) Generation of functional platelets (v) Alveolar bone regeneration (vi) Regeneration of diaphragm tissue (vi) Formation of insulin secreting 𝛽-cells Figure 1: Promises of stem cells in regenerative medicine: the six classes of stem cells, that is, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), tissue specific progenitor stem cells (TSPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), umbilical cord stem cells (UCSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have many promises in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics. immune suppressant is recommended [6]. Stem cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptor in low and secret chemokine that recruitment of endothelial and immune cells is enabling tissue tolerance at graft site [6]. The current stem cell regenerative medicine approaches are founded onto tissue engineering technologies that combine the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and microengineering for development of organoid; those can be used for physiological restoration of damaged tissue and organs. The tissue engineering technology generates nascent tissue on biodegradable 3D-scaffolds [7, 8].The ideal scaffolds support cell adhesion and ingrowths, mimic mechanics of target tissue, support angiogenesis and neovascularisation for appropriate tissue perfusion, and, being nonimmunogenic to host, do not require systemic immune suppressant [9]. Stem cells number in tissue transplant impacts upon regenerative outcome [10]; in that case prior ex vivo expansion of transplantable stem cells is required [11]. For successful regenerative outcomes, transplanted stem cells must survive, proliferate, and differentiate in site specific manner and integrate into host circulatory system [12]. This review provides framework of most recent (Table 1; Figures 1–8) advancement in transplantation and tissue engineering technologies of ESCs, TSPSCs, MSCs, UCSCs, BMSCs, and iPSCs in regenerative medicine. Additionally, this review also discusses stem cells as the tool of regenerative applications in wildlife conservation. 2. ESCs in Regenerative Medicine For the first time in 1998, Thomson isolated human ESCs (hESCs) [13]. ESCs are pluripotent in their nature and can give rise to more than 200 types of cells and promises for the treatment of any kinds of disease [13]. The pluripotency fate of ESCs is governed by functional dynamics of transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and so forth, which are termed as pluripotency factors. The two alleles of the OCT4 are held apart in pluripotency state in ESCs; phase through homologues pairing during embryogenesis International Journal of Cell Biology 3 Table 1: Application of stem cells in regenerative medicine: stem cells (ESCs, TSPSCs, MSCs, UCSCs, BMSCs, and iPSCs) have diverse applications in tissue regeneration and disease therapeutics. SCs Disease Factors causing disease Mode of stem cells application Physiological and mechanistic aspects of stem cells therapeutics Improvements in disease signatures & future use References ESCs Spinal cord injuries Infection, cancer, and accidents ESCs transplantation to injury site ESCs and secreted vasculogenic and neurogenic factor support tissue homing Regeneration of spinal tissue and improved balance and sensation [15] ARMD and glaucoma Macular cones degeneration ESCs-