manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 29 April 2020 Accepted: 29 April 2020 References Abo-Aziza FAM, Zaki AKA, Abo El-Maaty AM. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC): a tool of cell therapy in hydatid experimentally infected rats. Cell Regen (Lond). 2019;8:58–71. Chen YG, Lou Y. Relaunching of cell regeneration. Cell Regen (Lond). 2019;8:31–2. Hashmi S, Ahmad HR. Molecular switch model for cardiomyocyte proliferation. Cell Regen (Lond). 2019;8:12–20. Luo Z, Qing X, Benda C, Huang Z, Zhang M, Huang Y, et al. Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of class IIa histone deacetylases regulates somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Regen (Lond). 2019;8:21–9. Tang L, Yang F, He X, Xie H, Liu X, Fu J, et al. Efficient cleavage resolves PAM preferences of CRISPR-Cas in human cells. Cell Regen (Lond). 2019;8:44–50. Xing Q, Lin A, Su Z, Liu C, Huang W, Guo W, et al. 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Higgins Copyright © 2016 Ranjeet Singh Mahla.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Regenerative medicine, the most recent and emerging branch of medical science, deals with functional restoration of tissues or organs for the patient suffering from severe injuries or chronic disease. The spectacular progress in the field of stem cell research has laid the foundation for cell based therapies of disease which cannot be cured by conventional medicines. The indefinite self-renewal and potential to differentiate into other types of cells represent stem cells as frontiers of regenerative medicine. The transdifferentiating potential of stem cells varies with source and according to that regenerative applications also change. Advancements in gene editing and tissue engineering technology have endorsed the ex vivo remodelling of stem cells grown into 3D organoids and tissue structures for personalized applications. This review outlines the most recent advancement in transplantation and tissue engineering technologies of ESCs, TSPSCs, MSCs, UCSCs, BMSCs, and iPSCs in regenerative medicine. Additionally, this review also discusses stem cells regenerative application in wildlife conservation. 1. Introduction Regenerative medicine, the most recent and emerging branch of medical science, deals with functional restoration of specific tissue and/or organ of the patients suffering with severe injuries or chronic disease conditions, in the state where bodies own regenerative responses do not suffice [1]. In the present scenario donated tissues and organs cannot meet the transplantation demands of aged and diseased populations that have driven the thrust for search for the alternatives. Stem cells are endorsed with indefinite cell division potential, can transdifferentiate into other types of cells, and have emerged as frontline regenerative medicine source in recent time, for reparation of tissues and organs anomalies occurring due to congenital defects, disease, and age associated effects [1]. Stem cells pave foundation for all tissue and organ system of the body and mediates diverse role in disease progression, development, and tissue repair processes in host. On the basis of transdifferentiation potential, stem cells are of four types, that is, (1) unipotent, (2) multipotent, (3) pluripotent, and (4) totipotent [2]. Zygote, the only totipotent stem cell in human body, can give rise to whole organism through the process of transdifferentiation, while cells from inner cells mass (ICM) of embryo are pluripotent in their nature and can differentiate into cells representing three germ layers but do not differentiate into cells of extraembryonic tissue [2]. Stemness and transdifferentiation potential of the embryonic, extraembryonic, fetal, or adult stem cells depend on functional status of pluripotency factors like OCT4, cMYC, KLF44, NANOG, SOX2, and so forth [3–5]. Ectopic expression or functional restoration of endogenous pluripotency factors epigenetically transforms terminally differentiated cells into ESCs-like cells [3], known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [3, 4]. On the basis of regenerative applications, stem cells can be categorized as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), tissue specific progenitor stem cells (TSPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), umbilical cord stem cells (UCSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and iPSCs (Figure 1;