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and child health care 57 4.8. Feeding Recommendations during sickness and health: Up to 4 months of age • Breast feed as often as the child wants, day and night, at least 8 times in 24 hours. • Do not give other fluid of fluids • Expose the child to sunshine for 20 to 30 minutes daily 4 months up to 6 months • Breast feed as often as the child wants, day and night , at least 8 times in 24 hours • Add complement foods mashed potatoes softened with milks cereal and legumes mixed with milk • Give these foods with cup and spoon 1 or 2 times per day in addition to breast feed. • Expose the child to sun shine for 20 to 30 minutes daily. 6 Months up to 12 months. • Breast-feed as often as the child wants. • Give adequate servings of shiro fitfit, Merek fitfit, porridge, made of cereal and legume mixes, mashed potatoes and carot, mashed gommen, egg and fruits. • Give adequate servings of:Porridge made of cereal and legume mixes. Shiro, kik, merek fitfit, mashed potatoes and carot, gommen,undiluted milk and egg and fruits Pediatric Nursing and child health care 58 • Add some extra butter or oil to child’s food • Give these foods:-3 times per day if breastfed 5 times per day if not breastfed • Expose child to sunshine 12 months up to 2 years: • Breast feed as often as the child wants, Give these foods 5 times per day • Give adequate serving of: porridge made of cereal and legume mixes. Shiro, kik, merek fitifit mashed potatos and carrot, gommen, undiluted milk and fruits • Add some extera butter or oil to child food • Give these foods 5 times per day 2 years and older: Give family food at least 3 times each day. Also twice daily, give nutrious food between meals, such as: egg, milk, fruits, kita, dabo Pediatric Nursing and child health care 59 Study Questions 1. List the common causes of low birth weight. 2. Discuss the focus areas to prevent prenatal and neonatal mortality. 3. What are the common causes of infant and childhood mortality? 4. What are the common causes of respiratory distress in newborns? 5. List common routes of infection in neonates? Pediatric Nursing and child health care 60 CHAPTER FIVE CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES Learning Objectives: - After studying the material in this unit, the students will be able to: - Define congenital abnormality - Recognize the common types of congenital abnormalities and check each newborn baby to be sure that there is no congenital abnormalities - Recognize the recommended treatment for each type of congenital abnormality - provide appropriate care for children with congenital abnormalities 5.1 Introduction: Congenital anomalies are structural anomalies present at birth. They may be obvious on examination of the newborn or they may be detected by histological structures. One reason why more deaths occur in the first than during the remaining months of the first year of life is that many Pediatric Nursing and child health care 61 congenital abnormalities are compatible with intrauterine life, but not with extra-uterine life approximately 15 % of death in the neonatal period care caused by such gross malformations. 5.2 Types of commonest congenital anomalies 1. Cleft lip and palate 2. Club foot 3. Umbilical hernia 4. Pyloric stenos 5. phemosis and paraphimosis 6. Spina bifida and hydrocephalus. 5.2.1. Cleft lip and palate Cleft lip and palate are congenital deformities due to the failure of various parts of the upper lip and palate to fuse in the normal manner. Both may be present together. Cleft lip is operated on about the age of three months, cleft palate about the age of one year before speech detects have developed. Cleft lip: may be unilateral or bilateral and may be extended up into nostril. The surgeon pares the age and stitches them together. Pediatric Nursing and child health care 62 Preparation: The child should be admitted several days before operation and observed for sighs of a cold, as operation should be delayed if this is present and throat swabs should be taken. The hemoglobin must be 70% before operation is undertaken. He is trained in spoon feeding, putting the feeds well to the back of the tongue. After care: The arms must be splinted with card board so that the child can not touch the wound. Crying must be prevented by good nursing
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