Introduction to Urban Geography

1.Acropolis: people built the most impressive structures; usually religious buildings. There were also government offices and storehouses. The most famous today is the Parthenon.

2.Agglomeration: clustering or firms/businesses being located near one another, may lead to disadvantages as land and labor become too expensive

3.Agora: Market. They were public places; open and spacious squares on the low part of town with steps leading down to them. On these stops Greeks debated, lectured, judged, planned military campaigns, and socialized. It became the focus of commercial activity.

4.Agricultural surplus: was created from technological advances and formed cities (such as irrigation)

5.Agricultural Village: A small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture.

6.Andes: last cities to form from first agricultural revolution

7.City: a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics

8.Colonial City: Urban areas where European transplants dominated the form of the city (layout).

9.Feudalism: the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

10.Functions of Ancient Cities: Religious centers

Manage irrigation—hydraulic civilizations

Protection

Economic

11.Garden City: initiated in 1898. they were planned, self contained communities surrounded by greenbelts (parks) with residence, industry, and agriculture. This was a response to the crowded, congested, and dirty city and the desire to improve life by moving away from the suburbs

12.GM Street Car Conspiracy Theory: GM and others dismantled streetcars to make way for buses. This left many cities without effective transportation. Due to too many bus transfers and loss of streetcars led people to buy cars.

13.Greek City-States: By 800 BC more than 500 Greek cities and towns were interconnected

14.Hinterland: economic reach-outskirts

15.Huang He (Yellow) River/Wei (Yangtze) River: What civilizations?

-they were planned cities to center on a vertical structure in the middle of the city. Then they built a wall around it.

-within the walls they had temples and palaces for the leadership class; the elite/leadership class demonstrated power by building elaborate structures

-in 200 BCE Emperor Qin Xi Huang directed the building of the Great Wall. He also had an elaborate mausoleum for himself with 7000 terracotta warriors. (Took 700,000 slaves over 40 years to craft)

16.Hydraulic Civilization: Maintained control of populations by means of controlling water supply (Ex Nile River Valley). Irrigation required cooperation and functional specialization.

17.Indus Valley: What civilization?:

-Intricate planning of cities points to the existence of a leadership class but the houses continued to be equal in size with no palaces or monuments.

-scholars are puzzled with the cities because they are unable to decipher ancient writings.

-all dwellings had access to some infrastructure including wastewater drains and stone lined wells

18.Islamic City: Citadel was the fortified palace of the governor and was located in the high part of town near the wall.

The Mosque and market were centrally located.

This reflects a concern for visual privacy. Houses are introverted and the height of the wall had to be above the height of the camel rider. There was separation for public and private domains. Quarters were created to group ethnic and kin groups

19.Locational factors: factors: Long growing season and dependable supply of water

An adequate food supply

Access to trade routes

Plentiful building materials

Defensibility

20.Manufacturing City: There were smokestacks and tenements. Urban dwellers converted elegant homes into overcrowded slums. The sanitation system failed and the water supply was inadequate.

There was segregation by economic class. Your ability to pay determines where you live. The upper class begins to seek land on the outskirts of the city.

The Central business district with commercial activity emerges.

21.Medieval Cities: Under feudalism the system was highly structured and contained (based on the manor).

Political instability made long distance trade difficult.

They had fortresses for defense; it was a dangerous world.

22.Mediterranean Europe: Europe-3500 years ago approx 1480 BCE, by 500 BCE Greece had become one of the most urbanized areas on earth

23.Mercantile City: This is when you see the beginnings of "downtowns".

Successful merchants built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governance and supported reconstruction of cities. As a result cities that thrived during mercantilism took on similar forms.

The central square became the focus of the city, fronted by royal, religious, public, and private buildings of wealth and prosperity.

Streets leading to the central squares formed arteries of commerce and the beginnings of downtowns emerged.

The rise of monarchs who presided over unified countries was apparent in the display of power. There were increased city sizes. One national capital rose to prominence. There was new concern for city planning. Wide boulevards, large open squares, palaces and public buildings.

24.Mesoamerica: What civilization?

Ancient cities were religious centers

-rulers were "god-kings

25.Mesopotamia: What civilization?:

region in southwestern Asia where the world's earliest civilization developed

formed in 3500 BCE

26.Mesopotamian cities: These cities were protected by mud walls (25 feet high 70 feet thick).

Temples dominated the urban landscape (large and build mounds over 100 feet high)

Priests and authorities resided in substantial buildings (palaces).

Ordinary citizens lived in mud-walled houses packed closely together and separated only by a narrow lane.

Lining the narrow lane craftspeople set up workshops.

The poorest people lived in tiny huts on the outskirts of the city.

The leadership class held slaves in prison-like accommodations, sometimes on the outside of the city wall.

They did not have a waste disposal system. Garbage and waste was thrown in the street. In some areas it was several yards deep. Because of this diseases kept the populations of ancient cities small. Archaeologists actually dig through garbage for clues about the history.

27.Middle Ages: In Europe this was a period of stagnation and decline

28.Modern City: You start to see suburbanization due to new means of transportation and road construction. Historically the growth of north American cities was constrained by limited transportation. The VA loans allowed for movement to suburbs.

You started to see urban sprawl-unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and road over large expanses of land with little concern for urban planning.

29.Neolithic Revolution: is called the first agricultural revolution

30.Nile River Valley: What civilization?

interrelationship of urbanization and irrigation: unlike earlier cities it did not build walls around their cities; the absence of walls around individual cities reflected the singular control of the region

-power was concentrated in the hands of those who controlled the irrigation system

31.Paris: This city's hinterland prospered causing the city to prosper. The situational advantage grows over time as a result of "circular and cumulative causation"...the smaller advantage builds on itself. Became multi-functional.

32.Post-Modern City: city with packaged landscape

33.Postmodern landscape: There is a combination of indiscriminant cultural borrowing and consumerism that brought about the rise of this, reflects consumerism

34.Rectangular Grid Plan: The Plan of Miletus (470 BCE). The invention of formal city planning is attributed to Hippodamus of Miletus. Buildings were arranged so that wind could optimally flow through the city and cool in the summer. Later many cities were laid out this way.

35.Roman Urban System: This was a true hierarchy-"All roads lead to Rome"

Rome probably had 1 million people by 400 CE. Towns had 1500-30,000

Romans linked places with an extensive transportation system that included roads, sea routes, and trading ports.

The integration of this was greatly facilitated by the transportation system.

Roman regional planners displayed a remarkable capacity for choosing the sites of cities. The site was often chosen for trade location, defensive advantage, or because it was an appropriate religious location.

City life diffused across the Roman Empire.

Economic specialization within the Empire

Roads were built to facilitate trade and military domination. Romans had impressive civil engineering.

Aqueducts carried water from 300 miles away and delivered 60 million cubic feet of water daily. They also had an underground sewer and surface water supply.

There are a lot of Greek influences. The Roman forum was the focal point of Roman Public life. It combined the Greek agora and acropolis.

Rome has the world's first great stadium (Coliseum).

They adapted the rectangular grid layout whenever surface conditions made it possible.

36.Secondary Hearth: An area to which innovation diffuses and from which the innovation diffuses more broadly

37.Shenzhen: a special economic zone (export processing zone) in China. Hong Kong is the "gateway" to China, it connects it to the rest of the world. It has a good "situation" due to its proximity to Hong Kong.

38.Shock City: cities have rapid population growth and is overwhelmed with the influx of urban in-migrants. They are urban places experiencing infrastructural challenges related to the massive and rapid urbanization

39.Silk Road: Urbanization spread along this road.

40.Singapore: Country that was Chinese dominated to secede from Malay-dominated Malaysia in 1965, had been British controlled, merged with Malaysia in 1963. Ethnic tensions/conflict led to race riots and eventual independence.

41.Site: refers to the physical characteristics of a location

42.Situation: refers to the relative location of a place in terms of the larger regional or spatial system of which it is a part.

Suggests spatial interconnection and interdependence.

43.Social Stratification: A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, led to formation of cities.

44.Sunbelt: The rapidly expanding parts of the south and west. Major Cities: Los Angeles, Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami

These cities expanded as a result of a combination of factors:

-a comparative advantage of the states in this region (energy resources, relatively cheap and non-unionized labor, attractive environments)

-Federal investment in the southern states.

-regional restructuring and the creation of a new spatial division of labor (counters the low productivity in other regions due to economic recession)

45.Theater: Greek cities had excellent this. Aristocracy attended plays and listened to philosophical discussions.

46.Urban: of or relating to a city

47.Urban geography: the study of the way cities function, their internal structures and systems, their impact on their surroundings and external influences on them

48.Urban Morphology: The study of the physical form and structure of urban places.

49.Writing: formed from creation of cities from urban elite and the ability to pursue professions not based on agriculture

Miscellaneous Urban Geography

1.accessibility: how accessible is the location

2.Bid -Rent Theory: According to the curve the ability to pay determines land usage. Land rent is higher close to the Central Business District (CBD) thus land use there is more intensive. The bid rent is the price they are willing to pay for different locations. Commercial land users want to be accessible to one another, markets and workers. Private residents to jobs, amenities, and friends.

3.European Cities: The core has residential, retail, civic (gov't) and religious structures. Many times you will see residential housing above businesses. Surrounding the core is the preindustrial periphery which was affected by railroads and manufacturing establishments during the industrial era. Beyond that is a ring of industrial and postindustrial suburbs.

Streets are narrow and winding (before cars). These cities are older than North American cities.

Industrialization transformed them.

There are manufacturing centers and major urban complexes.

In the largest cities the legacies of the past still exist and the wars have taken a toll on the cities.

4.Former Communist Cities: There is a large central square and self sufficient micro-districts. Apartment blocks are commonplace (they had to house many people).

5.Functional Zonation: The division of a city into zones according to their economic functions.

6.Invasion and Succession: Neighborhood changes whereby one social group succeeds another in a residential area.

7.North American Cities (Canadian and American): Social Status-Based on income or occupation. Patterning agrees with sector model. People of similar status are grouped in sectors which fan out. Tends to move away from the CBD along transportation lanes.

Family Status-Agrees with concentric model (based on life style). As distance from center increases the average age of the adult residents declines, or the size of their family increases, or both.

Ethnic Status-Agrees with multiple-nuclei model-Settlement tends to cluster, sometimes segregation is focused on a group because of low income.

8.Peak and Land Value Intersection: Land values in urban areas are determined by accessibility (how accessible is the location). It can be found where urban transportation networks increase accessibility.

Influences on Urbanization

1.Agriculture: The improvement of engines and other equipment following the Industrial Revolution forever changed the face of this. As technology has allowed for more efficient use of farmland, fewer farmers were needed to grow more crops. Think of the difference between farming by hand and using today's modern farming equipment. As fewer farmers were needed to grow crops, those formerly involved in agriculture moved to cities to find work.

2.Communication: Most developed economies have moved away from primary (Agriculture based) and secondary (factory based) economic activities and are full into a postindustrial economy (service). Many jobs in the tertiary and quaternary sector require internet access to perform. As the internet is widely available in these countries, people are not bound to live close to the CBD (central business district) and businesses are free to move from the CBD as well so as long you have this.

3.Economic Development: It shifts to a post industrial economy leads to urbanization.

4.Government Policies: Gov't programs and influences are most prominent in cities

5.Migration: Rural to urban this is a the major cause of urbanization

6.Population growth: It can be an urbanization pull or a push factor

7.Transportation: In the developed world, improved _______ infrastructure led to movement to suburbs and away from the city core

Urban Models

1.

Burgess Concentric Model

2.

Hoyt Sector Model

3.

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

4.

Galactic City Model

5.

Urban Realm Model

6.

Latin American City Model

7.

Subsaharan African City Model

8.

Southeast Asian City Model

9.

1925

When was the Burgess Concentric model created?

10.

Chicago

City that influenced concentric model

11.

Burgess

founder of the Burgess Concentric model

12.

walking, car, or horse

Mode of transportation for Burgess Concentric model

13.

1939

year Hoyt Sector model was created

14.

Hoyt

founder of the sector model

15.

Chicago

city that influenced sector model

16.

rail line; streetcar lines

transportation of sector model

17.

1945

year Multiple nuclei model was created

18.

Chicago, North American Cities

city that influenced multiple-nuclei model

19.

Harris and Ullman

founded the multiple nuclei model

20.

cars

mode of transportation for multiple nuclei model

21.

1960s

when was the Galactic City Model created

22.

Harris

creator of Galactic City Model

23.

Detroit

city that influenced the Galactic City Model

24.

Edge City

: smaller, fully functional "cities" on the periphery of major cities. they have their own employment, residential, and commercial base not dependent on the CBD.

25.

cars

transportation of galactic city model

26.

1964

year Urban Realms Models was created

27.

Vance

creator of Urban Realms Models

28.

San Francisco

city that influenced Urban Realms Models

29.

cars

mode of transportation in Urban Realms Models

30.

1980s

year Latin American city model was created

31.

Griffin and Ford

creators of Latin American city model

32.

Law of the Indies

laws that determined how colonies were to be run; reason for central plazas surrounded by religious and govt buildings. They contained certain design features reflecting Roman influence. The laws included a gridiron with rectangular blocks, a central plaza with Catholic church, government buildings and shops, the wealthy lived close to the plaza, middle and lower further out, walls around individual neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches or monasteries.

33.

European Cities (in Latin America)

city that influenced Latin American model

34.

Favela/barrio/shantytown

areas of poverty on the outer ring of Latin Am cities

Inverse concentric zone: the wealthiest live along "spines" running out from the CBD with areas of extreme poverty on the outer edges of the city

35.

1968

year Subsaharan model was created

36.

de Blij

creator of Subsaharan model

37.

former colonial cities

city that influenced Subsaharan model

38.

1967

year Southeast Asian model was founded

39.

former colonial cities

city that influenced Southeast Asian model

40.

McGee

creator of Southeast Asian model

Borchert's Epochs

1.Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch: 1920 to [present]

Cars, airplanes, urban sprawl, suburbanization, spread/growth of Sun Belt

Multiple Nuclei Model and beyond

2.Iron Horse Epoch: 1830 to 1870

Rail Lines

Development around rail depots

Sector Model

3.Sail Wagon Epoch: 1790 to 1830

Limited to navigable waterway

Had to live near work

Horses, walking

Concentric Model

4.Steel Rail Epoch: 1870 to 1920

Development occurred along the rail lines

Sector Model

Muller's Transportation Eras

1.Automobile Era: 1920 to 1945

Push to the suburbs out further; producing a compact, regular shaped, urban entity

2.Electric Streetcar Era: 1890 to 1920

Star shaped pattern began to develop

Development along the trolley line

3.Freeway Era: 1945 to [present]

Acceleration of nonresidential deconcentration;

Pattern of locally uniform income-based clusters was magnified;

Suburban downtown emerged

4.High Tech Era: 1990 to Present

People will start moving further out; no longer constrained by the distance to the city; people start living in exurbia (area beyond the suburbs)

5.Recreational Automobile Era: same as auto era

6.Walking Horsecar Era: Pre-1800 to 1890

Immigrants near factories

Middle in edge cities ("suburbs

World Cities

1.Centrality: APHG generic definition: How important (central) something is to its surroundings.

As applied to Urban Geography:

How dominant/important a city is compared to those around it.

2.Economic: Challenges: Job shortages-the mass influx of people from rural areas searching for jobs creates a struggle to find jobs. Lack of skilled, educated laborers

Living wages-workers are earning money but not able to provide for many necessities

Income gap-between men vs. women, skilled vs. unskilled workers

3.Gateway Cities: Link areas to global economic centers

Absorb international workers

Focal points for global imports/exports

Examples NYC, LA, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Amsterdam

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

4.Megacity: Cities with explosive post World War II population growth and

chaotic and unplanned growth, pollution, and widespread poverty.

Found in LDCs

5.Megalopolis(Conurbation): When multiple cities grow together

6.Over-urbanization: a condition experienced in many LDC's in which the city grows more rapidly than the jobs and housing can maintain.

7.Social: Challenges: Citizen access to services

Ability for cities to provide services-governments in LDC's are harder pressed to pay for and provide services to all of their citizen

Housing-citizens either do not have access to housing or can not afford it

8.World City: This a city that is a major center for finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science information gathering and mass media. It is one that serves the whole world and can be considered an important multinational city.

Growth and Decline of Urban Areas

1.Blockbusting: occurred when property in a white neighborhood was offered to a minority at a low price. Racial steering is when a minority family is "steered" to buy a home in a white neighborhood. This would lead to concerns over the "changing" demographics of the neighborhood and the block "busting" due to white flight.

2.Gentrification: the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste

3.gentrification, teardowns: Housing prices can become unaffordable due to .... and..... .

4.ghettoization: creation of impoverished areas

5.inner city: the impoverished portion of the city

6.McMansions (tear downs): are homes intended for suburban demolition. In many suburban communities these homes are replaced by by new supersized homes that stretch the limits of the lot. They tend to occur in middle-class and wealthy suburbs.

7.Racial Steering: is when a minority family is "steered" to buy a home in a white neighborhood

8.Redlining: A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

Contributed to "ghettoization" when funds were not available for upkeep.

Eventually, property values would decline and developers could convert land usage for their profit.

Christaller Theory

1.barriers: Christaller's assumptions in his theories

2.Central Place Theory:

A theory made by Christaller in the 1930's that describes the spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services. It seeks to explain the size and distribution of settlements by measuring their economic reach. Complementary regions can't overlap, hence the hexagonal shape. It maintains that each central place has a surrounding complimentary region; an exclusive trade area within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of certain goods because it alone can provide such goods at a given price within a certain range of travel.

3.City: It has more specialization and a larger hinterland than a town

4.distance(to the next urban area): what determines the size of a hinterland

5.fertility: Christaller's assumptions

Even soil ....

6.flat: Christaller's assumptions

A broad, .... plain

7.hamlet: It provides few basic services to the people living there and those nearby. They might have one convenience store and zero stop lights. It is likely you have never spent any time in one but might have driven through one.

8.hierarchy: Ranks of urban places show an orderly... of central places in a spatial balance

9.High order: ...goods and services are relatively costly and generally are required less frequently. They have a longer range.

10.Hinterland: an area to which goods and services are provided by the urban center, refers to economic outreach

11.Larger: ...cities would be spaced farther from each other than smaller towns and cities.

12.Low order: ...goods and services are perishable or required in relatively large amounts at frequent intervals. They have a much

shorter range.

13.Northern European Plain: Christaller was trying to explain the distribution of urban areas on the....

14.Primate city: It is much larger than any other city in the urban system. At least 1/3 the population of the nation and at least 2 times larger.

15.Range: how far will consumers generally travel to obtain a product or service

16.range: Christaller's assumptions

A constant "..." in all directions for the sale of any good.

17.rank-size rule: there is an inverse relationship between the size of a city and its rank in the urban hierarchy, describes a certain statistical regularity in the city-size distributions of countries and regions. The functional interdependency between places within urban systems tends to result in a distinctive relationship between population size of cities and their rank within the overall hierarchy

18.size: Places of the same...with the same number of functions would be spaced the same distance apart

19.Suburbs, outskirts: A city has .... while a town has ....

20.Threshold: how many potential customers are needed to support a business

21.town: It is larger than a village and has a higher level of specialization. If you see a Wal-Mart and a standard foreign car dealership, you can be sure you are in at least one. There will be somewhat specialized medical options such as a pediatrician or an orthodontist.

22.transportation: Christaller's assumptions

A uniform ....network

23.unitary, colonies: Christaller's central place theory tends not hold in countries that have .... systems of government or those that have gone through extended periods as .....

24.urban hierarchy: is a ranking of settlements according to their size and functions

25.Village: It is likely to offer several dozen services. There will be some specialization. The key here is selection. For example there are several brands of gas rather than just one. One might have multiple convenience stores and a small grocery store. They usually have one or two American car dealerships. There will be doctors and dentists in a village but they will not be specialized in their practice.

Infrastructure and Density-Based Housing

1.Beltways: are freeways or tollways that surround a major city

connect edge cities

2.Communication Systems: Digital infrastructure effects urbanization in a curious way. It helps increase urbanization with agglomeration (Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources). It decreases urbanization by allowing workers to work anywhere they have digital access. Many jobs no longer require a person to actually go to an office in or near the CBD.

3.Commuter Zone: Outer rings surrounding a city from which people commute daily, made up of edge cities

4.Controlled access highways: On ramps/off ramps

No stop lights or intersections

Freeway, motor way, express way

5.Freeways: mean you are free to enter at any on ramp, not that the road is free

also do not have intersections or traffic lights

6.Highways: is a road connecting to cities or towns

7.Housing Density: The number of dwellings per unit of land

8.Infrastructure: The basic services, equipment and facilities needed for an area's economy to function

9.Mass Transit: Declined due to affordable autos and freeways systems, was VERY important before autos and is becoming more important as urban revitalization occurs

10.Parkway: Originally a street beautified to be more pleasing

Now any old street

11.Public Transportation: is both a cause and a result of urbanization

Above ground: bus, light rail, commuter rail, street car, "Els"

Below ground: subways, tubes, metros

12.Roads: They are often the final means of delivery of goods and services in an economy. Without them, those that use a car in any form to get to work would not arrive. Goods and equipment that are delivered by them would have few other means of arrival. Think of them as the final link in the chain of infrastructure

13.Water and Sewer Systems: The history of cities, especially large ones, has often been described as "moving water in and moving water out." Obviously, humans need water for life but many other purposes as well. They greatly increased sanitation levels in old cities and allowed populations to grow.

Socioeconomic Factors in Cities

1.Basic sector: products or services of an urban economy are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community

2.Deindustrialization: The movement away from industry to services.

When industry is moved leading to the decline of industry in a particular area.

3.Employment structure: refers to the proportion of people working in different sectors of the economy.

4.Globalization: has led to spaces of consumption and the post modern landscape.

5.Heat Island Effect: an urban area having higher average temperature than its rural surroundings owing to the greater absorption, retention, and generation of heat by its buildings, pavements, and human activities.

6.Home refinancing: Obtaining a new mortgage to reduce monthly loan payments, interest rates, or take out money for purchase of something else.

7.Land Use: How the land is being used.

Some examples:

Commercial

Residential

Mixed use

8.master planned communities: These are large scale residential communities that have a large number of recreational amenities (parks, golf courses, lakes, bike paths, jogging trails).

9.Multiplier Effect: In urban geography, this refers to the expected addition of nonbasic workers to a city's employment base that accompanies new basic sector employment.

For cities over 1 million, each job in the basic sector will add two jobs in the nonbasic sector.

10.Nonbasic sector: jobs supply an urban area's resident population with goods and services that have no "export" implication

11.Planned Communities: A community that was carefully planned as opposed to those that were created with urban sprawl.

12.Primary: extractive activities; ex: fishing, farming, forestry, mining

13.Secondary: Transformative activities (taking a primary good and making it into something else, adding value) ex: Processing, manufacturing

14.Tertiary: services; ex: transportation, retail, maintenance, etc.

Smart Growth Principles

1.brownfield redevelopment: A term used to describe the reuse and revitalization of abandoned, underutilized or stigmatized properties (abandoned factories, etc) through the use of one or more govt programs.

2.Checkerboard Development: Housing developments jump over parcels of open/green land-cheaper land further out

3.Create a Range of Housing

Opportunities and Choices: Benedict Commons - Aspen, Colorado: Each unit has a private entrance, a roof deck, garden space, or small entry deck. The apartments are built above a parking garage and around a courtyard.

4.Create Walkable

Neighborhoods: Northwest Landing, Dupont, Washington: Everything within walking distance, lots of bike paths and very pedestrian friendly.

5.Encourage Community and

Stakeholder Collaboration

In Development Decisions: Barrio Logan, San Diego, California: More community services like child care, laundry, and social services building. In the park, they had local artists paint Mexican-style murals, and they built attractive and affordable apartments for low-income families, and during building, they took input from tenants.

6.Foster Distinctive, Attractive

Communities with a Strong Sense of Place: The Can Company: Former industrial factory is preserved and made into office space, raising job rates while preserving historical value.

7.Make Development Decisions

Predictable, Fair, and Cost Effective: Silver Spring, Maryland: Dynamic post war retail center, many of it taken away by malls. Want a redeveloped Pedestrian and Transit Oriented community. Retail space, entertainment space, office space, and many more residences.

8.Mix Land Uses: The Domain: Shopping/restaurants on the bottom, residential on top.

9.Mueller project: Foster Distinctive, Attractive Communities with a Strong Sense of Place

Mix Land Uses

Create Walkable Neighborhoods

10.New Urbanism: an approach to land planning that reduces traffic and eliminates sprawl by creating a compact design, walkable - cut down on autos

11.Preserve Open Space, Farmland,

Natural Beauty, and Critical Environmental Areas: In Abacoa: Valuable farmland is being preserved because of compact community design and open space organization. There are hundreds of acres of parks throughout Abacoa and many other things to help the ecosystem.( 60 acres for endangered tortoise )

12.Provide a Variety of

Transportation Choices: King Farm, Rockville, Maryland: Many busses, trains, and bike/pedestrian paths.

13.slow growth city: An epoch (era) of slower population growth as a result of significant technological and social changes resulting from advancements in birth control, change to service based industries, more women in the workforce, etc.

14.Smart Growth: "Covers a range of development and conservation strategies that help protect our health and natural environment and make our communities more attractive, economically stronger, and more socially diverse."

15.Strengthen and Direct Development towards Existing Communities: Uptown District, San Diego, California: Used old building to create an apartment plaza/retail oasis. Pedestrian friendly.

16.sustainable design initiatives: To reach their goals, communities must:

Create Equitable Development

Plan for Infill Development

Provide for Flood Resilience for Riverine and Coastal Communities

Green and Complete Streets

17.Take Advantage of

Compact Building Design: Belmont Dairy: Shopping/groceries on the bottom floors, apartment buildings.

18.urban infill development: New development that is sited on vacant or undeveloped land within an existing community, and that is enclosed by other types of development

Suburbanization

1.Boomburbs (Boomburgs): A suburban city; These are your "accidental cities". They are accidental not because they are unplanned but because they are created by master-planned communities that have grown into each other

2.Brownfields: are urban land sites that had previously been developed, such as the site of a demolished building or factory, old dry cleaners, auto repair shop, warehouses, industrial and commercial facilities, illegal dump sites, closed landfills, service stations.

3.Counterurbanization: The process of population de-concentration away from large urban settlements. Cities start losing population to non-metropolitan or rural areas.

4.Deglomeration: The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

This is seen as people move away from the core (CBD) areas or the cities.

5.Disurbanization: People moved WAY out (even further)

6.Edge Cities: Urban cores which are located outside the central business district of metropolitan areas.

7.Exurbia: The area/region beyond the suburbs.

8.Garreau's Rules for Edge Cities: It must have more than five million square feet (465,000 m²) of office space. This is enough to house between 20,000 and 50,000 office workers, as many as some traditional downtowns.

It must have more than 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work.

It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms.

It must be perceived by the population as one place.

It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier.

9.GI Bill: After WWII the law gave subsidies to soldiers home-buying subsidies which allowed them to buy homes

10.Global Media: reshape cities

11.Greenfields: These are sites that have not previously been built upon, the undeveloped rural land. This includes the greenbelt around cities. These areas are cheaper to build upon as you would not need to tear down to build. The land is the undeveloped land of the city.

12.Metropolitan area: This includes the more densely populated urban core (city) and its surrounding areas (suburbs/exurbs). These surrounding areas have a high degree of economic and social integration with the urban core.

13.Reurbanization: you start to see the movement back into the cities. The core is rehabilitated and the hinterland becomes incorporated

14.Spaces of consumption: Places designed for you to come spend money

15.Suburb: is an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and is often (but not always) adjacent to the central city. Most of them are residential, but some have other land uses including schools, shopping malls, and office parks

16.Suburbanization: People moved from the core (CBD) to the suburbs, from rural areas and elsewhere to the suburbs

17.Uptowns: are the residential areas of a city

18.Urban Cycle: Urbanization, Suburbanization, Disurbanization, Reurbanization

19.Urbanization: Agglomeration occurred as people moved to the city.

Role of Government in Urban Geography

1.Annexation: The process by which land is officially added to a city, town, township, etc

2.Census Data: Urban ethnicity

Gender

Migration

Socioeconomic status

3.Census Tract: An area designated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published

correspond roughly to neighborhoods

4.Eminent Domain: the right of a government to take private property for public use

5.Enterprise Zone: A designated area in which businesses enjoy favorable tax credits, financing, and/or other incentives.

6.Incorporation: means that a community of homes and land has come together to form a city or town

the residents are able to be more involved in city government and services

after this, a city or town can:

Have its own laws for the city or town

Decide how land will be used (for farms, for houses, for businesses, for open space)

Create its own services like fire and police

Tax residents to pay for services

Apply for money from the state or federal government

7.Metropolitan Statistical Area: Large population areas as defined by the government for the purpose of gathering data

include a city and its surrounding edge cities, suburbs, and exurbs.

has a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration with that core

8.Qualitative: opinions formed into data

9.Quantitative: measureable numerical data

10.Zoning Laws: Used to divide urban areas into different areas of development

Urban Sprawl

1.automobile: Affordability and popularity of the .....

2.baby boom: The postwar.....

3.GI Bill: Home-buying subsidies from the ...... after World War II

4.road: Massive .....-construction projects

5.urban sprawl: The excessive and uncontrolled expansion of suburbs into low-density areas

Widespread development that has occurred without any overall planning