Catalysts of Migration: Push and Pull factors

1.Catalysts of migration: Technological Advances contribute to migration and therefore are....

2.Cultural Pull Factors: Social: religious freedom, similar ethnic groups, education, entertainment

3.Demographic Pull Factors: Move to areas of less population for more opportunities

4.Demographic Push Factors: Too many people could limit access to opportunities

Jobs

Housing

primogeniture

5.Economic Pull Factor: Number 1 reason for moving to a country

6.Economic Push Factor: the number 1 factor for leaving a country

7.emigrant: A person who leaves a country

8.Environmental Pull Factor: Favorable Climate

9.Environmental Push Factors: natural disasters

Ex: The Irish Potato Famine, The Dust Bowl,

10.Guest Worker: immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

11.immigrant: A person who comes into a country to live there.

12.Political Pull Factors: political freedom, stable govt

13.Political Push Factors: wars, oppressive govts/laws, Armed conflict and civil war

14.Pull Factors: forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location.

15.Push Factors: events or conditions that impel an individual to move from a location.

Demographic Equations

Factors: birth rate, death rate, people coming and leaving country

Total Population = Original Population plus Births minus Deaths plus Immigration - Emigration

Total Population Rate = Birth Rate divided by Death Rate plus In-Migration divided by Out-Migration

Demographic Transition Model

1.actual "transition": This is the point where the BR begins to shrink and move closer to the DR (between stage 2 and 3)

Can only occur w/ an economic boost

2.Assumptions of the DTM: All countries will follow the same path of development as Europe

Movement from rural/agriculture to urban/industrial is the only path to development

3.Demographic Transition Model: The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

4.Epidemiological Transition: This is a model attempting to show the relationship between types of diseases most present in a population compared to levels of development. In less developed countries at the early stages of the epidemiological transition, communicable diseases (cholera, malaria, flu, etc.) are great contributors to the Mortality Rate. As countries become more developed and reach the later stages of the Epidemiologic Transition, non-communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc.) are more responsible for deaths.

5.Faults of the DTM: DTM considers only economic factors of development

Other factors of development:

Role of women in respective countries

Cultural norms

religion

6.Stage 1: Population Pyramid Shape

N/A

Example

N/A

Birth Rate

Very High

Death Rate

Very High

Natural Increase

Equilibrium/Slow

Development

N/A

Reasons for high birth rate:

Agrarian/Children needed to farm

High Infant Mortality Rate

Little Family Planning

Reasons for high death rate:

Disease

Food supply unpredictable

Little medical access/poor medical practices

Hunter/gatherers

The world BEFORE the Industrial Revolution

no countries are in this stage

7.Stage 2: Population Pyramid Shape

Wide Base/Rapid Growth

Example

Africa, Central America, SW Asia

Birth Rate

Very High

Death Rate

Rapid Decrease

Natural Increase

Rapid Increase

Development

Developing

Reasons for high birth rate

High Infant Mortality Rate

Religious/Social Encouragement

Little Family Planning

Improved medical care

Safe/constant water supply

Improved sanitation

Lower IMR

More constant

food supply

Many developing countries are stuck in this stage due to lack of economic development

8.Stage 3: Moderate Growth

Population Pyramid Shape

Moderate Growth

Example

Brazil, Mexico, Russia, China

Birth Rate

Slowly Falling

Death Rate

Leveling Off

Natural Increase

Slower Increase

Development

NIC

Role of women changing

Economic shift away from farming

Improved medical care

Low IMR

Higher urban pop.

Some family

planning

Reasons for change in death rate

Improved medical care

Safe/constant water supply

Improved sanitation

Lower IMR

food

9.Stage 4: Population Pyramid Shape

Slow Growth

Example

USA, U.K., France

Birth Rate

Low

Death Rate

Low

Natural Increase

Stable/equilibrium

Development

Developed

Family Planning

Improved Women's Status / Role of Women

Late Marriage

Excellent Health Care

Excellent Food Supply

10.Stage 5: Population Shrinks as BR falls below DR

"Post-industrialized"

negative growth

Schools of Thought Regarding Population

1.Club of Rome: German "think tank"--used computer simulations to make predictions.

The Limits to Growth (1972 book)

Increased pollution and decreased resources will lead to a collapse of population in the mid-21st Century.

The study estimated that if people continued to consume more than nature was capable of providing, then global economic collapse and population collapse would occur by 2050.

Recent research supports the conclusions made 40 years ago by them. The population could possibly decline by 2030.

2.Cornucopians: believe that people will find a way to solve the problem. They do not believe in a population doomsday.

3.Ester Boserup: A "cornucopian."

Population growth drives technological advances. In turn these advances raise food production and improve economic development.

4.Eugenics: Idea of improving human populations through selective breeding or sterilization.

5.Frances Moore Lappe: Social activist--author of Diet for a Small Planet.

Focus on socio-economic factors that lead people to have larger families. Socio-economic advances lead to reduced population growth rates--a "demographic transition."

6.Julian Simon: Conservative economist.

Population growth can lead to increased productivity--more people to think, work, and support economic growth.

People are the ultimate resource.

7.Neo-Malthusian: someone who shares the views of Malthus. They predict a population doomsday.

still have a doom-and-gloom view of the world.

Hard-line:

...advocate drastic and coercive(forceful) means to control population

...lifeboat ethics--"The drowning poor and the weak should be allowed to die for the sake of the survival of the planet and the survival of the fittest."

...reduction or rationing of food and development aid to poor countries and tighter immigration laws.

8.Paul Ehrlich: US ecologist--The Population Bomb (1968)

The population explosion threatens the environment. Overpopulation will cause hundreds of millions to starve to death.

A "neo-Malthusian"

believed that population explosion threatens the environment and that overpopulation will cause mass starvation.

9.Thomas Malthus: Anglican priest

An Essay on the Principle of Population

Exponential population growth (1,2,4,8) would outpace food supply, which grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4). Population growth is halted by hunger and rising death rates among the poorer classes.

predicted a population doomsday. At some point the population would grow larger than the food available to them.

advocated eugenics

could not have foreseen the agricultural, industrial and technological advances that made it possible for population growth to slow and stabilize.

...was looking at a small, closed system--today's world is not so simple.

...did not take migration into account.

Major Historical Migrations

1.Asia and Latin America: 2 regions that produced most immigrants to the U.S. from 1960's to 1970's.

2.Chinese Diaspora: Migration to SE Asia to act as middlemen between Europeans and SE Asians

The Chinese migrated to SE Asia to act as the middleman between European and SE Asians. Often the Chinese are the minority ethnic group in SE Asian countries (except for Singapore) yet are more economically successful than the local ethnic majority. This potentially leads to jealousy and conflict.

3.Europe: Region that produced the most immigrants to the U.S. in early 1900's.

4.Forced Migration: The slave trade is an example of this.

5.Great Migration: 1915-1940: After the Civil War and Emancipation, African Americans moved to take advantage of industrial and manufacturing jobs in the major urban centers of the Northeast and Midwest. Due to strict immigration quotas at the time, there was a significant labor shortage in these areas. Racism, Jim Crow laws and the lack of economic opportunity after Reconstruction were major push factors. Major cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, and New York City saw major demographic changes during this time period.

6.Hmong to US: 1970s-1990s fled Communist after Vietnam Conflict

7.Hukou System: ties people's access to services provided by the govt to their residential status meaning that those in rural areas that moved to cities were not eligible for the same services as those labeled urban.

8.largest internal migration in history: From China's rural regions to urban parts: late 1990s-2000s

The hukou system, introduced in the 1950s, labels people as rural or urban depending on the place of birth and family history. The hukou system also ties people's access to services provided by the govt to their residential status meaning that those in rural areas that moved to cities were not eligible for the same services as those labeled urban. When rural vs. urban labels were relaxed, tens of millions of migrant workers left the fields to work in factories, toil on building sites, serve in restaurants or clean homes, contributing to China's massive economic growth.

9.Middle East to Europe: Iran to Sweden (1970s-1990s)

Islamic Revolution and Iran/Iraq War

Sweden friendly to Iranian immigrants

Iraq to Europe

Iran/Iraq War

Kurds and Sunni minorities under Saddam Hussein

10.North Africa to Europe: late 20th Century

Morocco to France pre WWII

Men seeking jobs during WWI and WWII

Men joined French armed forces

Morocco to Western Europe

(France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands)

Rural men recruited to fill low-skill labor jobs in 1960s

Algeria to France

Pre WWII mostly men for jobs

Post WWII increase in entire families immigrating

11.Potato Famine: The potato crop in Ireland failed in the late 1840s due to a crop disease known as "potato blight." The potato was far and away the staple food crop of Ireland and the resulting in this. Many Irish had two choices, stay in Ireland and starve to death or emigrate (impelled migration). The US was the most popular choice for Irish emigrants. The initial wave of Irish immigrants in the late 1840s-early 1850s set firm footing for further chain migration.

12.Rustbelt to Sunbelt: internal migration from Midwest and some regions of New England to southern regions and western regions such as California and Texas

13.South Asia to US: last 25 years seeking economic opportunity

14.Vietnam to US: 1970s-1990s: flee Communist take-over of S. Vietnam

15.WWII: Era when nearly all immigration to the U.S. stopped.

Migration Concepts

1.Activity Space: A type of cyclic movement. This is the area which you go about your daily routine. It can be presented in a space-time prism.

2.Asylum Seeker: Someone who is not yet considered a refugee. They are someone who is claiming to be a refugee but their status has not yet been definitively evaluated

3.Chain Migration: This is a series of migrations within a family or defined group of people.

4.Counter Migration: migration back to an original area in which people had left

5.Cyclic: This movement has a closed route.

6.Distance Decay: The reason why people tend to move to closer more familiar locations.

7.Forced Migration: Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

8.Gravity Model: This measures the interactions of places. It states that spatial interactions (such as migration) is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them. In regards to migration the number of migrants declines as the distance they must travel increases.

9.Impelled Migration: migration in which a person fears that failure to move will likely result in negative consequences due to many factors

10.Internally Displaced: People displaced within their own countries.

11.Internal Migration: the moves people make within a particular country or region.

12.International Refugee: refugees that move between countries

13.Intervening Opportunity: the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

14.Intranational Refugees: Refugees that move within their country.

15.Migration: the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or larger group to a new locale outside the community of origin

16.Pastoral Nomadism: purposeful and takes place along long familiar routes, move their animals to water sources and pastures, cyclic movement

17.Periodic Movement: doesn't necessarily involve returning to the same place, it takes place over a long period of time away from the home base

Ex: college students, military service, migrant labor, seasonal movement transhumance

18.Refugee: according to the UNHCR (United Nations High Commission on Refugees) is "a person who has a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion".

19.Remittance: Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in poorer countries.

20.repatriate: to return to one's country of origin

21.Step Migration: People tend to take a series of shorter, less extreme migrations from their place of origin to final destination.

22.Transhumance: The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

23.Transnational Migration: the process of migrating from one country to another

24.Voluntary Migration: movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.