Geopolitics
Boundaries
1.Allocational boundary dispute: Conflicts related to the location of boundaries and the extraction of natural resources.
2.Antecedent Boundary: A boundary drawn across an area before it is well populated and before there is any significant cultural landscape
3.Artificial / Geometric Boundary: Delimited boundaries that are usually drawn according to latitude or longitude
4.Boundary Dispute: When two or more states disagree about the demarcation of a political boundary
5.Defined Boundary: This type of boundary is created in agreement between two parties in a treaty or other legal document
Borders can be actual landmarks or latitude/longitude
6.Definitional boundary dispute: The legal language of the boundary is disputed.
7.Delimited Boundary: A boundary is delimited (drawn) on a map "agreed" to by two sides
8.Demarcated Boundary: A boundary that is marked by some visible means on the ground
Wall, posts, fence, etc.
9.Exclusionary Border Landscape: border designed to keep people out
10.Inclusionary Border Landscape: border designed to help trade and movement
11.Locational boundary dispute: The actual demarcation or delimitation of a boundary is disputed
12.Natural / Physical-Political Boundary: Boundaries that follow a natural feature in the landscape
13.Operational boundary dispute: Neighboring countries disagree over how their border should function
One side claims the other isn't administering their border correctly
14.Relic Boundary: A boundary line that no longer functions as a boundary but shows on the cultural landscape
15.Subsequent Boundary: Boundaries that are established after an areas has been settled and are drawn to reflect differences in ethnic groups, languages, religions, etc.
16.Superimposed Boundary: Boundaries forcibly drawn by a conquering or colonizing power without reference to pre-existing cultural patterns.
Colonizers/ conquerors had no thought for any ethnic, religious, language differences
Characteristics of States
1.Compact States: Countries with relatively rounded shapes such as Poland and Hungary
have less difficulty with governing especially if the capital is in the center and there is a fairly equal distance to all areas
2.Elongated States: A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile)
3.Enclaves: "outlier" areas that are within the boundaries of another State
4.Exclaves: A territory of a State that is separated from the main land mass
5.Fragmented State: a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous
6.Large State: Historically, this type of state can be more difficult to govern and form a sense of unity due to distance decay and multiple ethnic groups
It generally has more resources
But...this is not always the case
7.Microstates: States with very small land areas such as Vatican City
specialize in service based economic activities.
8.Perforated States: Countries that completely surround another state
ex S. Africa surrounds Lesotho
9.Prorupt States: have a long arm jutting out
10.Situational / Relative Location: The location of a place in terms of how central (important) or isolated a place is in relation to other places.
This can be a blessing or a curse!
Colonialism: State Organization and National Power
1.1415-1800: When did the first wave of colonialism occur?
2.Africa: Where did the colonization of the second wave mainly occur?
3.The Americas: Where did the colonization of the first wave occur?
4.Berlin Conference: (1884-1885) the Europeans divided Africa at this event convened by German Chancellor Otto Von Bismark
5.Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy: Which countries were in the second wave?
6.circular and cumulative causation: the initial small disadvantage becomes larger over time
7.Colonialism: the physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state
8.Creoles: People of European descent born in the colonies
9.God, Gold, Glory: Europeans established colonies for three basic reasons
10.Imperialism: taking over control of an area already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
11.Intermarriage and decimation: What happened to the indigenous population?
12.late 1800s to late 1940s: When did the second wave occur?
13.Mercantilism: In the first wave, what capitalist system was established that had the goal to create wealth for the mother country?
14.Mestizos: people of Native American and European descent
15.Mulattoes: People of African and European descent
16.Portugal and Spain: Which countries were colonized in what is known as Latin America?
17.Santeria: closely connected to the Yoruba religion of West Africa. It blends saints with African spirits associated with nature; in Cuba
18.Scramble for Africa: the Europeans met and agreed on which countries would colonize which territories without consideration of the people and nations already living on the continent.
19.Spain and Portugal: Who were the two major countries that took advantage of an increasingly well consolidated political order and a new found wealth to expand their influence to far flung realms in the 16th century?
20.Spain, Portugal ,Britain, France, Netherlands, and Belgium: Which countries were in the first wave?
21.Treaty of Tordesillas: A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
made by Pope Alexander VI
22.Voodoo: religion in Haiti; syncretic religion that incorporated the drumming, prayer, animal sacrifice to African gods as well as Catholic Saints
Concepts of Territoriality, Nations and States
1.30 Years War: a continuous series of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants
2.195 (around this number): How many countries are there?
3.Apartheid: s South African policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race
4.Autonomy: having a degree of freedom from external authority. Some countries have granted this to regions. Typically these have been regions that are geographically distinct from other areas or that have a majority minority group. For example, the Basque region in Spain
5.City-state: a city and its surrounding territories. Some ancient ones include Rome and Athens. They had their own government. Many were walled for protection.
Some modern city-states include Vatican City and Singapore.
6.Diffusion of the European Model: Europe controlled much of the world and defined the ground rules of the emerging international state system.
7.dioceses: territory or churches subject to the jurisdiction of the Bishop in charge of that diocese (kind of like a governor)
8.feudal system: Loyalty under this was personal, it was to the imperial (the king) order rather than to a defined nation (it was based on the manor). Nobles were granted land by the king, and there was a hierarchy of power. The "Lord of the Manor" was part of the nobility - often a relative of the king. Under him were lesser lords who each managed a section of property. Knights protected the manors (estates) of the Lords and were loyal to the manor. Peasants and townspeople served the nobles by farming the land and paying taxes (or a portion of their crops) to the manor, or by taking service positions within the town (the clergy, the butcher, baker, and candlestick maker, etc.).
9.Frontiers: are areas not yet fully integrated into a politically organized area, where unoccupied/populated territory just sort of fades from one jurisdiction to the next.
10.How do suburban communities claim their space?: gated communities (residents only), or the lack of sidewalks and public space (this can discourage outsiders to walk through or in the area).
11.independent nation: The ultimate territorial creation
12.innate: natural, we are born with it
13.International Sanctions: punishments (or the threat of punishments) that are used to pressure a country to comply with international agreements or practices. They may be diplomatic (cutting communications between the countries, limiting international cooperation with the country being pressured to comply), economic (ban on trade, exchanges of money, economic aid, or trade. Exceptions are usually made for food and medicine, though), military (military intervention), sports (the country is not allowed to participate in the international sports competition, such as the Olympics or World Cup), or Environmental.
14.learned behavior: a behavior that has been learned from experience or observation
15.Maori: The tribe settled in New Zealand (High Island)This was an area suitable for crops and could support larger populations. They developed advanced weapons and leadership.
Polynesian descent
16.Mercantilism: an economic system in which a country attempts to gain wealth through trade with other countries. This was a policy used by Europe in the 16th to 18th Century....sometimes by force.
17.Moriori: The tribe that settled on the low islands. Due to the topography they became hunter gatherers, had simple technology, lacked leadership and renounced war. The low islands did not support large populations.
Polynesian descent
18.multi-ethnic state: that contains more than one ethnicity.
In some cases each ethnicity contributes cultural features to the formation of a single nationality.
19.multinational state: contain 2 (or more) ethnic groups that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
includes more than one ethnic/cultural group
20.Multistate nation: a nation "culture group" stretches across borders and across states such as Korea
21.Nation: a group of people with a common ancestry "it is a "cultural" designation"--regardless of whether the group controls its own territory have a shared sense of identity based on historic ethnic, linguistic, and religious basis
22.Nationalism: the sense, or feeling, of belonging to a nation,to be part of and feel pride in that belonging.
23.nation-state: a nation's homeland corresponds to a state's territory; include Denmark and Japan
24.personal sense of territoriality: tempered one (For example, we regard our homes as defensible, private domains, yet we open the door to innocent visitors (known or unknown, or those of private or official business)).
25.Personal Space: the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or our physical circumstances require or permit
26.Quasi-states: established the apparatus of a state, but they are not recognized as states by the international community.
27.Rise of ancient states: The European state idea influenced the development of the modern state system.
2000 years ago there were distinct kingdoms in the Mediterranean.
The Greeks and Romans also play a role in the rise of the modern state idea.
The concept of the "state" is relatively recent in human history.
Agriculture started about 12,000 years ago, and it took another 10,000 years for the first distinct "states" to form. Most were located in the Mediterranean region and were kingdoms. Even so, these "states" did not resemble the modern idea of the state we have today. The modern state developed within the past few hundred years.
28.The Rise of Nation-States: Under feudalism
--multi-ethnic empires ruled by a monarch
--hierarchical power relationships
Defense needed to be based on maneuverability--required a territorially larger state.
Early 1500s--decline in papal authority with Reformation
1648--Peace of Westphalia (30 Years' War)
--ended period of religious wars
--created a system that depended on a balance of power based on clearly-defined, centrally-controlled, independent entities that recognized each other's sovereignty and territory.
29.Self-Determination: the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have, it's the freedom to make your own choices. This concept can refer to the idea that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
It was not until after World War I and then-U.S. President Wilson's Fourteen Points- (this was his 14 points for achieving Peace in Europe following World War I) that the idea of a nation-state with this became the ideal.
The international borders of Europe were redrawn along ethnic boundaries.
30.Sovereignty: the authority of a state to govern itself (or another place if a state has sovereignty over another territory - such as the case of colonies)
31.State: a politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, and government. In order to be considered one it must be recognized as such by other states. Some basic requirements of a state include land territory, permanent population, government, organized economy, transportation/communication.
32.stateless nation: a cultural unit/group that has no country.
33.Territoriality: a country's or more local communities sense of property and attachment towards its territory. This is expressed by the country's determination to keep it inviolable (incapable of being assaulted/destroyed - not be violated) and strongly defended. To protect its property, the country will have some sort of defense - typically a military.
Humans have the need to belong to a larger group that controls its own piece of the earth.
34.Territoriality: Learned Behavior: a cultural strategy used to assure control of resources
Crisis in Balkans
1.Albanians: Serbs removed this ethnic group out but NATO retaliated against this forcefully.
2.Archduke Ferdinand: Archduke of Austria-Hungary that was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist to start WWI
3.Balkanization: to break up into small, mutually-warring factions.
4.Battle of Kosovo 1389: The Serb army was wiped out by the Ottoman Turks. This began a period of Islamic rule in the Balkans.
5.Bosnia: Country that seceded from Yugoslavia in 1992.
6.Bosnians: They converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.
7.Croatia: country within former Yugoslavian territory, was overran with Nazis who set up a puppet regime; began a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Serbs
8.Ethnic Cleansing: in Kosovo; occurs when a group of people are forced out of an area
9.Genocide: occurs when the goal is the eradicate the people altogether
10.Germans and other Europeans: people who supported Croats
11.Karadzic: a Bosnian Serb politician—was charged
with war crimes committed against
Bosnian Muslims and also for acts
During the siege of Sarajevo.
He was arrested in Belgrade in 2008
and is currently awaiting trial
12.Kosovo: Country that declared independence in 1998 with recognition from over 50 states but are not in the UN since Russia would veto from the Security Council.
13.Macedonia: This county seceded from Yugoslavia without any violence. Greece refused to recognize this country until it changed its name to "The Former Yugoslavian Republic of this" to distinguish from a region in Greece with a similar name.
14.Milesovic: Serbian nationalist who came to power in 1987 and proposed a "greater Serbia".
15.Montenegro: From 2003 to 2006, it was part of a country officially called "Serbia and this."
16.NATO: Troops from this supranational organization replaced the UN troops and occupies Bosnia.
17.Ottoman Empire: empire that allied with Germany in WWI
18.Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Islam: The 3 religions that are seen in the Balkan Peninsula.
19.Russia: country that historically supported Serbs
20.Serbia: Yugoslavia turned into this country after Montenegro established its independence.
21.Slavic: Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians are all of this background.
22.Slovenia and Croatia: The 2 countries that seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991.
23.Tito: the head of the Yugoslav Communist Party and had organized an effective campaign against the Nazis.
He came to power in 1945 and ruled unopposed for 35 years.
Yugoslavia was a Communist country, but he did not answer to Moscow.
24.UN: This supranational organization that doesn't have compulsive power and acts solely as a peacekeeper.
25.Yugoslavia: country formed after World War I, later split up into multiple countries
Electoral Geography
1.435: the total number of representatives in the House; population loss or gain alters number of a state's reps
2.Census: Every 10 years
Population and other demographic data
determines seats in the House/Electoral votes
3.Congressional Districts: The areas in a state that will be represented by a member in the House of Representatives
4.Electoral Maps: They are redrawn after census data is collected.
Step One: collect/analyze Census data
Step Two: Reapportionment
Step Three: Redistricting
5.Electoral votes: One vote per House member and one vote per Senator calculates a state's what?
6.excess vote: Concentrate one group together in a district
Minimize their impact in other districts
This guarantees them some representation - but weakens them overall
7.Federal Republic: powers of a country held by a federal and local govt's
8.Gerrymandering: the practice of drawing the boundaries of voting districts in a way that favors one group over another
9.Reapportionment: The redistributing of House seats/electoral districts every 10 years according to data provided by the Census
10.Redistricting: the creation of these new electoral district boundaries after reapportionment states must redraw electoral district boundaries accordingly
11.Stacked Vote: Group power bases together
Removes much contestation from elections
Often done by incumbents to ensure continued election
12.Swing State: A state that could go either way in a presidential elections (unlike "safe states"). Target of a lot of attention in elections. Also known as "battleground states" or "purple states" (Ohio, Florida in 2008)
13.wasted vote: Break up concentrations of voters
Mix with different voter groups
Dilutes their voting power
Geopolitics and Geostrategic Theories
1.Alfred Thayer Mahan: an American Navy officer. He believed that the most powerful navy would control the globe.
2.Backwash: initial negative effects on periphery
3.Balance of Power: States protect themselves against others by matching their power against the power of the other side.
They can do this through arms races or competitive acquisition of territory. States can do this through alliances with other states.
4.Bipolar world: world with 2 states having the most influence
Ex: U.S. vs Soviet Union in the Cold War
5.British/American School: school of geopolitics that sought to offer strategic advice for states and explain why countries interact at the global scale the way they do
6.Buffer state: A state that sits between two rivals or hostile states and serves as a "buffer" between them potentially preventing conflict.
7.Cold War: The era of competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that created constant global tension from nuclear war.
8.Containment: The theory of containing communism from spreading to the rest of the world.
9.Containment Policy: Real world implications of what?:
We moved to a Bi-Polar World (Communist and Democracy).
-Korean and Vietnam Wars
-During much of the 20th Century many countries in Eastern Europe were satellite states of the Soviet Union
10.Core processes: incorporate higher levels of education, salaries, and technology. They generate more wealth in the world economy
11.Core regions: dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
12.Cumulative causation: economic growth supports further economic growth
13.Domino Theory: A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. Used by the U.S. to justify the Vietnam War.
14.Effects of the new world order: Has led to instability in some parts of the world
More conventional forms of warfare and political practices have been replaced by more radical ones (asymmetrical warfare, cyber attacks)
15.Friedrich Ratzel: 1844-1904
He was a member of the German School and a zoologist by training. He was the 1st to study the issue of why countries were powerful and how they became powerful.
16.Geopolitics: The study of the relations among geography, states, and world powers.
17.George Kennan: an American diplomat on the Soviet front. IN 1946 he wrote the "Long Telegram". This was a 8000 word telegram in which he proposed a policy of containment.This led to the Cold War Containment policy to keep communism from spreading. The idea was to have levels of engagement but never an all-out war
18.Geostrategy: This is a sub-field of geopolitics. Foreign policy is guided principally by geographical factors---designed to protect a countries interests.
19.German School: school of geopolitics that sought to explain why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful
20.Halford J. Mackinder: He was an Oxford University Geographer (1861-1947). He belongs to the British/American School.
He linked geopolitical stability with the maintenance of balance of power among states. He said that if the balance of power is upset a state or combination of states could become the dominant world power. He argued that land based power, not sea, would rule the world. It's important to remember at the time to many people the oceans (Navy) was the path to domination.
21.Heartland: Real world implications of what theory?:
The German-Russian Alliance is to be feared
-There is a need to maintain a balance of power on the mainland
-system of entangled alliances. This idea led to NATO for example
22.Heartland Theory: made by Mackinder
He was looking at Eurasia and stated that he who rules Eastern Europe commands the heartland and he who rules the heartland commands the world island. He who rules the world island commands the world. When he proposed this (post WWI) there was little to foretell of the rise of superpower in the heartland. Russia was in disarray. Eastern Europe was fractured. Germany was gaining power not Russia. But, when the Soviet Union emerged and gave Moscow control over much of Eastern Europe the Heartland Theory attracted renewed attention.
23.hegemonic: ruling or dominant in a political or social context
24.Henry Kissinger: He was sent by Nixon to re-establish contact with China.
25.Joseph Nye: Dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government
He said the world was like a 3 dimensional Chessboard with the following parts:
Military Power in which the U.S. was hegemonic
Economic Power
Transnational relations outside of the government
He pioneered the theory of "Soft Power" (1990)
26.Liberal democracy: Free elections, competitive political process, multiple political parties
27.Mahan: Real World Implications of who?:
-Expansion of the U.S. Navy
-Building of the Panama Canal
-Sending of the "Great White Fleet" (U.S. navy Battle Fleet that sailed around the world)
-Control of waterways/choke points
28.Multi-polar world: multiple states with influence
29.NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
30.New World Order: Assumes triumph of capitalism
US is the world's only superpower and therefore its policing force
Promotion of liberal democracy and global economy
31.Nicholas J. Spykman: Professor at Yale who countered Mackinder's Heartland theory with the Rimland Theory.
32.Organic Theory: He (Ratzel) compared the growth of the state with the growth of an organism. He was influenced by the writings of Darwin (survival of the fittest). He proposed that a state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and ultimately decline and death. He believed that in order for the state needs to grow to survive or it will disintegrate. A state needs sustenance in the form of resources and room to grow. (Social Darwinism as applied to foreign policy). In order for states to grow stronger they needed to add new territory.
Nazi Germany used this theory to justify expansionism.
33.Peripheral processes: have lower education, salaries, technology and less wealth.
34.Peripheral Regions: have undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
35.Poland: the first country to fall away from Communism in 1989
36.Rimland: Real world implications of what theory?:
The Domino Theory in which the war in Vietnam was a result
-The Marshall plan which was to aid Europe at the end of WWII and combat the spread of Soviet Communism.
37.Rimland Theory: Eurasia's Rimland (coastal area or buffer zone) is the key to controlling the world island, not the heartland. This was an age of Air Power and the East-West Cold war perspective. He(Spykman) stated that the key is to prevent any one power from gaining control of the historically fragmented rimland.
38.Satellite State: a state that is technically sovereign but is heavily influenced by another state. During the Cold War there were satellite states of the USSR
39.Semi-peripheral processes: core and periphery processes are both occurring.
40.Semi-peripheral Regions: are able to exploit peripheral regions, but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions.
41.Shatterbelt: countries that are in between two rivaling spheres of influence, under stress
strategically oriented regions that are both deeply divided internally and caught up in the competition between Great Powers of geostrategic realms
42.Soft Power Theory: the ability to obtain what one wants through co-operation and attraction
43.Soviet Union: the country that collapsed in 1991
44.Spillover: eventual positive effects on periphery
45.Tri-polar world: 3 states influencing: U.S., China, and the Soviet Union; resulted from Kissinger
46.Wallerstein's World Systems Theory: 3 Tiers
The capitalist world economy has 3 fundamental structural features (The World Systems Analysis).
One World Market that dominates economic decisions
A multiple state system in which no state is able to totally dominate
Three broad geographic regions (core, periphery, semi-periphery)
Countries cannot be analyzed independently. They must be viewed in terms of their place within the world system. Today there's a great deal of interdependence. This system shows/describes the global economic disparities.
47.Warsaw Pact: An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations.
48.Zbigniew Brzezinski: 1998
The Collapse of the USSR brought a re-evaluation of the world.
He takes a more "world-systems" approach; The world was a grand chessboard and we need to deal with each area separately based on own perceived interests.
Governance
1.Balance of power: Entities having approximately equal strength
2.Centralized Government: one in which the central govt makes all the decisions
3.Confederations: systems of govt where substates have more power than the central govt
Ex: Switzerland
4.Federal states: share power between the central govt and substates.
Substates have significant powers independent of the central govt
Examples: Canada, USA, Germany, Russia, India
5.Forward Capital: A capital city that has been relocated for an economic or strategic reason
6.Manifest Destiny: The USA believed it was its God given right to posses the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
7.Multicore state: A country with multiple economical/political/cultural significant areas
8.Political Ecology: impacts of law and policy on the environment and environmental justice
9.Primate City: Has twice the population of the next largest city (APHG technical definition)
A city that is the political, economic, and cultural center of a country.
10.Substates: the political divisions of a country
11.Territoriality: an effort to control a portion of the earth's surface
12.unitary primate: _________ states have _________ cities that reflect the importance of the capital city as the center of power.
13.Unitary states: have a very strong central (national/federal) govts that make most decisions
Substates do as they are told by the central govt
Ex: France, Italy, Spain
Political Geography
1.Apartheid: A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
2.Arab-Israeli Conflict: Both groups believe they have historic right to the land in this conflict located in present-day Israel.
3.Nunavut: In 1999 the province of this was created for the Inuit in Canada. The region was granted some regional autonomy and ability to self-govern
4.Sanctions: restrictions intended to enforce international law
5.Tribalism: supporting your ethnic group over your country
Politics of Disunion: The Breakup of the Soviet Union
1.Brezhnev, Andropov, Cherneko: The 3 previous leaders of the Soviet Union.
2.Chechnya: A region in Russia that is experiencing separatist movements as they wish to become independent from Russia.
3.Chernobyl: Location of 1986 nuclear explosion in Ukraine
4.Democratization: elections, multiple parties, political debate
5.Domestic: These types of problems for the Soviet Union:
Floundering economy
-declining GNP, overspending on military, inefficiency of central planning, work force demoralized
-Long-term decline in life expectancy
-poor medical services, rising industrial accident rate, pollution, radiation, alcoholism
Demographic situation
-by 1970, only 51% of Soviet pop. were "Great Russians"
-never fully integrated all Satellite States
6.Glasnot: openness; censorship decreases, protest and debate are allowed, disclosure of corruption; and western products
7.Gorbachev: Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Wanting reform, he renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, pulled troops out of Afghanistan, supported Glasnost, and urged perestroika; but all this failed.
8.Great Russia: This an obsolete name formerly applied to the territories of "Russia proper", the land that formed the core of Muscovy and later, Russia. This was the land to which the ethnic Russians were native and where the ethnogenesis of Russians took place.
9.International: These types of problems for the Soviet Union:
Surrounded by unfriendly nations in the region
-Poor relations with Western Europe and Japan
-Not doing well in Third World
10.MAD(Mutually Assured Destruction): A factor that results in the destruction of both sides.
11.Perestroika: Economic reforms; managers decisions, bankruptcy, unemployment, private ownership
12.(Russia's )Near Abroad: This refers to the newly independent republics (in Eastern Europe) that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
13.Velvet Divorce: the peaceful split of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia
Supranational Organizations
1.Arab League: Political and Economic:
Like similar organizations in the world whose goal is to look after their members' economic, political, cultural, national and religious interests, they have been active in helping the Arab world grow economically and culturally, while finding solutions to resolve conflicts both within the league and outside of it.
2.ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian States): A political and economic alliance of southeastern Asian nations.
3.AU (African Union): Political alliance between African states.
4.ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States): Union of States in Western Africa centered on economic issues. Goal is for the 16 member nations to improve their economic strength. Nigeria is a leader of this group.
5.FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization): To defeat hunger
6.IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency): They are widely known as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization within the United Nations family. Set up in 1957 as the world's centre for cooperation in the nuclear field, the Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.
7.IMF(International Monetary Fund): They are an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
8.MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del sur (Southern Common Market)): An economic alliance between South American countries.
9.NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): A 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade among the three countries.
10.NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and cooperation on defense and security issues to build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict a political/military alliance
11.SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization): formed in 1954. Provided to less fortunate countries in the area and promised military support if needed. An effort to stop Communism from spreading in Southeast Asia.
12.UNESCO(The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization): It's purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. (Wikipedia)
13.UNPO(The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ): international, nonviolent, and democratic membership organisation. Its members are indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognized or occupied territories who have joined together to protect and promote their human and cultural rights, to preserve their environments, and to find nonviolent solutions to conflicts which affect them.
14.Warsaw Pact: a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries.
15.WHO(World Health Organization): Primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations' system.
main areas of work:
Health systems
Promoting health through the life-course
Noncommunicable diseases
Communicable diseases
Corporate services
Preparedness, surveillance and response.
Supranationalism and Devolution
1.Balkanization: the breaking up of mutually warring factions
2.Belgium: Country with Flemish (Dutch) region in the north vs. Walloons (French) in the south.
3.Canada: The country with a French speaking minority that threatens the stability of the country.
4.Caucuses: devolutionary forces had created separatist movements in Chechnya and Dagestan
5.Dayton Accords 1995: A peace agreement reached by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, ending the war in Bosnia and outlining a General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It preserved Bosnia as a single state made up of two parts, the Bosniak-Croat federation and the Bosnian Serb Republic, with Sarajevo remaining as the undivided capital city.
6.Devolution: the process of moving power from the central to more local levels of government all states have this to some degree
7.Ethnic Cleansing: A form of mass genocide associated with the violent removal of an ethnic group from a particular political space or homeland in order to secure spatial homogenization and the subsequent colonization by the perpetrating state or ethnic group.
8.Ethnic Separatism: A factor of devolution when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group. In some cases this can lead to calls for secession.
9.Ethnonationalism: a form of nationalism in which an ethnic group desires to have control of their own political, economic, social affairs
10.Geography: A factor that contributes to devolution by acting as a natural barrier to cultural diffusion or isolating certain regions such as the Basques of Spain or island state of Hawaii that is separated from the contiguous 48 states of the U.S.
11.Irredentism: A factor of devolution when members of an ethnic group wish to be reunited with members of another ethnic/linguistic group on the opposite side of a political border.
12.Italy: Country with industrialized north and agrarian south.
13.Military Alliances: Big Goal: to "combine" armed forces that create military superior military power
Multiple countries agree their armed forces will aid each other in the event of conflict
14.Nunavut: A region within Canada created in 1999 for the Inuit tribe. It has some regional autonomy and ability to self-govern.
15.Social Media (Technology/Communication): This has spread devolutionary, democratic, and supranational movements.
16.Spain: Country with Basque and Catalonia areas with separate parliaments but separatist pressure remains.
17.Subnationalism: when people give their primary allegiance to traditional groups or nations that are smaller than the population of the entire state
18.Supranationalism: signifies cooperation between two or more countries
19.Trade Agreements: Big Goal: members make more money as it is easier to do business with member countries by
Reducing/eliminating trade tariffs
Take advantage of regional economic strengths
20.Transnational Environmental Challenges: environmental problems that may originate in one country but affect other countries such as dumping trash into the ocean
21.Yugoslavia: Country that was divided into six "republics" were established after the Dayton Accords (1995); split Bosnia between a Serb "Republic" & a Muslim-Croat "Federation".