Important information / Información importante

• The program is in COL time/ El programa esta en hora de Colombia. LINK BOOK THE ABSTRACTS AS PDF

• Here is the link for the format that has been defined for the posters. PLEASE USE THIS FORMAT: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/10LZc9qCyMae1CIzg-GMDFJ5kMV9j5pY2/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=117723101837515054874&rtpof=true&sd=true

• The posters will be digital and will be presented on 43 inches tv screens (95 cm wide x 53 cm height). The tv screens allow only widescreen (horizontal) show, so the layout of the digital poster should be horizontal. Since they are digital posters, they require larger font sizes and higher color contrast. Graphics and images should have a resolution of at least 300 dpi.

• We suggest two types of posters:

  1. As an infographic/interactive presentation, give priority to images and very few words.

  2. As a short presentation, with a maximum of three slides, that can last 3 to 5 minutes.

  3. As a traditional poster presentation using the tv screen for the digital poster.

• NOTE: The slides need to be sent as ppt and jpeg files.

• All posters will be presented in the cultural Coffee Room/ Salón Café Cultural

• Link Zoom: https://zoom.us/j/94642177788?pwd=UTBFemFtbHdEM3pOWmVXSGMrL3FoUT09

Meeting ID: 946 4217 7788

Passcode: 9c2Lxp

• Link discussion forum: https://join.slack.com/t/54thannualmee-dgw9326/shared_invite/zt-1drzxrw2e-fS8ZNRMkjNHTn87SVan_ow

Card et al. An integrated palynology and heavy mineral based correlation scheme for the Triassic Skagerrak Formation, Central North Sea, U.K

^aC.J. Card*, ^aA. Hartley1, ^aD. Jolley1, ^abA. Morton

^aDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE; ^bCASP, West Building, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0UD, U.K

Triassic fluvial successions from the Skagerrak Formation located in the U.K. Central North Sea (CNS) constitute a high-pressure- high-temperature (HPHT) play that provides important primary and secondary hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone reservoir intervals. Over the past decade there has been considerable renewed interest within these deeply buried Triassic successions as a result of the North Sea Basin reaching so-called super mature status. The Skagerrak Formation across the CNS is typically subdivided using the J-member lithostratigraphic system into six alternating sandstone and mudstone members. Although, latest studies indicate that these members show considerable lateral and vertical heterogeneity with regard to composition, reservoir quality and provenance at differing scales. In this work, an integrated approach to correlating the CNS Skagerrak Formation using palynology and heavy mineral analysis (HMA) has been applied to allow the varying spatio-temporal distribution of members to be investigated. Traditionally, CNS Triassic successions are widely regarded as being barren, however recent work utilising a refined processing technique has proven that palynological yields can be recovered allowing recognisable biozones to be established. High-resolution heavy mineral analysis enables variations in provenance throughout sandstone-dominated intervals to be recognised and divided into heavy mineral units that can be correlated across wells. This study extends the newly established biozonation scheme into unstudied wells from areas of development interest and succinctly combines it with intra-member scale variations in provenance identified using HMA. The combined dataset has been subject to statistical analysis that allows for a direct quantitative comparison between the differing data types. This study aims to contribute to our understanding of ancient distributive fluvial systems with different and/or mixed provenance through time. Whilst permitting key questions to be investigated regarding the source-to-sink configuration of the CNS Basin during the Triassic as well as refine our understanding of the different sediment sources that enabled deposition of the Skagerrak sandstone reservoir intervals.

Keywords: Triassic, provenance, heavy minerals, palynology, Central North Sea

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Heydenrych et al. BIostratigraphy and palynology of Triassic sediments, Norwegian North Sea

S. Heydenrych^a, A. Hartley^a and D. Jolley^a

^aSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

The Central North Sea and the Northen North Sea has significant hydrocarbon potential in the form of the Triassic Skagerrak Formation and the Hegre Group, respectively. They represent a sequence of continental sediments that were deposited in a climate-driven distributive fluvial system. The Skagerrak Fm is one of the last major targets for exploration as a high pressure-high temperature play (HPHT). The Triassic was previously unattractive as a target due to its burial depth, but the mature nature of existing, shallower fields has made the Triassic a priority in recent years. There has been a struggle to connect regional scale lithologies and biostratigraphy with localised studies within the North Sea fields. Issues with correlation in the region include; a lack of reliable biostratigraphic information, heterogeneous lithostratigraphy, the varying influence of salt tectonics, unconformities and erosion, and partial Triassic well penetrations. Much of the Triassic sediments of the Central and Northern North Sea are dominated by the continental red-bed facies and are often barren or contain limited diagnostic biostratigraphic material. It is these red beds that are the primary target for hydrocarbon reservoirs. By conducting an in-depth palynological investigation of Triassic Strata within the Norwegian North Sea, this study aims to to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions, as well as construct a biostratigraphic-based correlation framework within the Norwegian Sector of the Central and Northern North Sea. This project involves extending an existing biostratigraphic correlation scheme developed for the Triassic Skagerrak of the Central North Sea (UK and Norwegian sectors) into the northern sectors of the Norwegian Sea. This is achieved by using a targeted sampling strategy (focused on fine-grained sediments) in combination with modern palynological acid processing techniques in order to allow for a high-resolution palynological framework to be developed for use across both UK and Norwegian sectors.

Keywords: Triassic; palynology; biostratigraphy; North Sea; Skagerrak; red-beds; correlation

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Ball et al. Defining the Siluro-Devonian boundary in the Lower ‘Old Red Sandstone’, U.K. with a preliminary spore biozone

A.C. Ball^a,b and C.H. Wellman^a, J.B. Richardson^b, S. Stukins and P. Kenrick^b

^aSchool of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield. S10 2TN, U.K; ^bDept. of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London. SW7 5BD, U.K.

The near continuous terrestrial fluvial succession of the Siluro – Devonian Lower ‘Old Red Sandstone’ of the Anglo-Welsh Basin, U.K., yields abundant vertebrate and plant remains alongside diverse and well-preserved dispersed spores. Previous workers succeeded in erecting regional and global biostratigraphic zones using these fossils, especially in the Early Devonian. The latest Silurian and Earliest Devonian (Přídolí – earliest Lochkovian), however, remains problematic given the paucity of suitable sampling horizons. Where possible, we have systematically investigated the palynological record from this time slice and revealed a diverse and well-preserved assemblage of dispersed cryptospores and miospores, comprising some 200 species in 43 genera, from several sites across the Welsh Borderlands and south Wales, U.K. These sites shed new light on the problematic Earliest Devonian and Přídolí spore biozones and go some way towards constraining the Siluro – Devonian boundary of the region. However, problems persist with (1) correlating the biozones with the type section in Klonk, and (2) suitable sampling horizons in the Anglo-Welsh Basin, the latter being neatly encapsulated in one borehole by some 700m of red, unsamplable mudstones, leaving a considerable portion of the Přídolí unexamined.

Keywords: Biostratigraphy, Old Red Sandstone, Palynology, biozones, Silurian-Devonian boundary, terrestrial.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Daners et al. Early Devonian palynomorphs from the Cerrezuelo Formation, Norte Basin, Uruguay

G. Daners^a, P. Breuer^b A. Le Hérissé^c, G. Veroslavsky^a

^aInstituto de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 - Montevideo,Uruguay (corresponding: lagluar@gmail.com; ^bFrazione Barliard 3, 11010 Ollomont, Italy; ^cUniversité de Brest, UMR 6538 CNRS, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29238 Brest, France

This contribution describes the presence of Devonian organic-walled microfossils in the subsurface of the Norte Basin (Uruguay) from continuous rock cores (borehole) from the drilling of Cardozo Chico E-1. The Devonian sedimentary rocks in the Paraná and Chaco Paraná basins (PCPb) are characterized as an almost complete transgressive-regressive cycle that progressively increases thickness from East to West.

The Devonian basin configuration shows provenance areas located to the east and a marine embayment to the west. In the southeastern region of the PCPb area, Devonian outcrops are only recognized in Uruguay and these deposits rests unconformably on the Precambrian basement. Devonian sediments in Uruguay are grouped in the Durazno Group, subdivided, from base to top, into the Cerrezuelo (140 m), Cordobés (90 m) and La Paloma (35 m) formations. Outcrop distribution in the basin indicates the presence of erosional and structural limits. Studies on facies associations, micro and macrofossil associations, paleocurrents and provenance, allow to interpret the Devonian sediments as deposited in a marine basin with Neoproterozoic provenance areas located to the East. Recently, stratigraphic wells (Achar E-1 and Cardozo Chico E-1) drilled in the Uruguayan area (Tacuarembó Department) of the basin confirmed the shallow marine to tidally-influenced littoral depositional conditions for the upper Cerrezuelo Formation. The presence of black shales, with high organic matter contents, in the Cordobés Formation section penetrated in those wells suggests a paleogeography with restricted oceanic communication that led to the amplification of tidal processes in this sector of the basin.

Samples analysed in the present contribution correspond to the basal part of Cardozo Chico E-1 well, belonging to the Cerrezuelo Formation and possibly, its transition to the Cordobés Formation. In relation to the sedimentation paleoenvironment, along the interval of almost 60 m thickness repeated variations can be observed in the palynological content from clearly continental, to marine or brackish environment as is the case of a level dominated by Quadrisporites spp. Among the spores respresented in the samples the more important taxa are Dictyotriletes emsiensis, D. marshallii, D. subgranifer, Emphanisporites rotatus, Knoxisporites riondae, Cymbohilates baqaensis, C. heteroverrrucosus, Retusotriletes maculatus, R. triangulatus, Brochotriletes aff. B. tennellus, Synorisporites papillensis, S. verrucosus, Dyadospora murusattenuata, Latosporites ovalis, Scylaspora costulosa, Dibolisporites spp. Among the recorded paleomicroplankton taxa are Gorgonisphaeridium granatum, Pyloferites escobaides, Polyplanifer turbatum, Pterospermopsis sp., Quadrisporites horridus, Q. variabilis, Schizocystia pilosa, S. saharica, Tunisphaeridium tentaculaferum, Triangulina spp., Winwaloeusia distracta, and the chitinozoan Ramochitina magnifica.

According to the stratigraphic distribution of the organic-walled paleomicroplankton, chitinozoan and mostly of miospores, the age suggested for the analysed interval is late Pragian-early Emsian, which is in agreement with the age assigned in previous publications for this interval. Ramochitina magnifica, Knoxisporites riondae, Dictyotriletes and Cordobesia species are commonly present in Devonian sediments from Uruguay. Correlation with other Gondwana and peri-Gondwana associations can be made based in elements in common. Schizocystia pilosa, S. saharica and Winwaloeusia distracta first appear in the Lochkovian but extend upwards into the Emsian. Ramochitina magnifica is commonly recorded in late Pragian-early Emsian sediments from Brazil (Ponta Grossa Formation), as well as in Argentina (p.e. upper Caburé and lower Rincón formations). Cymbohilates baqaensis is known from Pragian of Saudi Arabia and Tunisia. Other relevant taxa in common with Pragian-Emsian associations from Jauf Formation in Saudi Arabia are Brochotriletes foveolatus, B. tenellus, Cirratriradites diaphanus, Dictyotriletes emsiensis, D. subgranifer, Latosporites ovalis and Scylaspora costulosa. Dictyotriletes subgranifer and D. cf. D. richardsonii are recorded respectively in the late Pragian-early Emsian of the Jaicós (Parnaíba Basin) and Ponta Grossa (Paraná Basin) formations of Brazil. Other elements in common with the Ponta Grossa Formation are Distaverrusporites steemansii, Knoxisporites riondae, and Cordobesia spp.

Keywords: Pragian, Emsian, Gondwana, peri-Gondwana, paleomicroplankton, miospores, palynostratigraphy

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Ellefson et al. The impact of land plants on Earth systems: a palynological, palaeobotanical, and geochemical perspective

E. Ellefson¹, E. Sperling¹, A. Leslie¹

¹Department of Geological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA

The diversification and spread of terrestrial plants was one of the most profound changes in the history of Earth. Plants affect Earth’s climate and the global hydrologic cycle through evapotranspiration and by altering planetary albedo. They also alter the landscape; they have transformed river morphologies and the distribution of mud in sedimentary systems. While it is long accepted that the evolution of terrestrial plants had considerable impact on Earth systems, there are still widely varying views about the extent to which the emergence of land plants increased global productivity, drove atmospheric oxygenation, and altered the global marine redox landscape. The goals of this project are to connect and evaluate the effects of plant evolution on the marine redox record through palynology, paleobotany, and geochemistry.

Sampling efforts focus on stratigraphic successions spanning the Silurian-Devonian transition, specifically the Road River Group and McCann Hill Chert, as sampled on the Tatonduk River and McCann Hill type section, Alaska, USA. These successions provide an exceptional opportunity to characterize both marine and terrestrial processes across the Silurian-Devonian transition and to explore the impact of land plant evolution on Earth systems. The interbedded limestones, shales, and cherts of these units record slope deposition on the northwestern margin of Laurentia, likely spanning the basal Silurian through Middle Devonian. The generation of palaeobotanical and palynological records from these successions will be used to track changes in plant diversity. If palynomorph and plant macrofossil diversity and abundance changes in tandem with shifts in geochemical redox tracers this will allow for the detailed, high-resolution linkage of plant evolution and marine geochemistry through the Silurian-Devonian interval. Alternatively, lack of coupled change would suggest that hypothesized linkages likely require revision. The specific hypotheses to be tested is that plants increased nutrient delivery to the oceans, causing locally anoxic water columns to become sulfidic. This will be tested by analysis of iron speciation and Mo/U ratios. The geochemical and paleobotanical data from the Tatonduk River and McCann Hill successions will provide well-calibrated records of redox change through the Silurian-Devonian transition, directly connected to palaeobotanical records, and thus the best test to date of whether terrestrial evolution is temporally associated with redox changes in the marine realm.

Keywords: early plants; geochemistry; oxygen; redox records.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Kondas and Filipiak. Palynology of the Lower Devonian (upper Emsian) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Marcelina Kondas^a and Paweł Filipiak^b

^aInstitute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;

The active Bukowa Quarry located in the northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) provided a new exposure of the Lower Devonian deposits. Numerous plant macrofossils preserved as carbonaceous compressions, adpressions occurred alongside a differentiated assemblage of palynomorphs. According to the palynostratigraphy, the age of the fossiliferous sequences is the narrow Pro. Zone within the AP Zone of the douglastownense-eurypterota Miospore Zone, which corresponds to the upper part of the Emsian. Based on the palynofacies analysis the depositional environment is thought to be shallow water/alluvial. The palynomorph assemblage contained fresh water organisms and rich association of the terrestrial components. Numerous microfossils include filamentous green algae, arthropods, terrestrial fungi-like filaments, nematophytes and abundant land plants. Scolecodonts and acritarchs are much rarer the same suggesting limited marine influence. This diversified assemblage shows the complexity of the early Devonian environments and provides the new insight into examined time interval.

Keywords: palynostratigraphy, palynofacies, marginal marine, miospores.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Santos et al. Evidence of a Pre-Albian Equatorial Humid Belt in the Southern Hemisphere

A.Santos^a; M.A.L.Mota^a; G.Fauth^a,b; C.E.L.Vieira^b; P.S.G.Paim^c; R.G.Netto^c; H.P.Kern^a; Daniel Sedorko^d, Ernesto Luiz C. Lavina^c, Guilherme Krahl^a, Claus Fallgatter^e, Deise Marli da Silveira^f, Carolina D. Aquino^g, Marinez O. dos Santos^c, Simone Baecker-Fauth^a

^aitt Oceaneon, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^bUniversidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brasil; ^cPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^dMuseu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; ^eLagese/Litpeg, UFPE, Brasil; ^fPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, UFPR, Brasil; ^gLaboratório de Análises de bacias, UFPR, Brasil

Current view of the Gondwana Supercontinent suggests that it was dominated by arid environments during the Early Cretaceous. According to the so-called Supercontinent Effect, extreme temperatures and low humidity levels characterized the interior of the continent in pre-Albian times. This results from reconstructions of Cretaceous climatic zones that propose the establishment of a proto-Intertropical Convergence Zone (proto-ITCZ) or a Humid Equatorial Belt from the Albian. However, the large amount of data for these climatic reconstructions in the Northern Hemisphere and the little work carried out in the Southern Hemisphere (for example, Northeast Africa, Brazil and Colombia) tend to bias paleoclimatic interpretations. Recent work suggests that relatively humid climates occurred in the tropical landscapes of Gondwana in the late Aptian. Two hypotheses suggest distinct mechanisms as responsible for the appearance of humid conditions in these tropical contexts: the main marine transgressions resulting from the initial opening of the South Atlantic and the latitudinal displacement of the Equatorial Humid Belt (or proto-ITCZ). Based on evidence from palynological, ichnological and sedimentological data at low latitudes, this work aims to explain the onset of humid conditions at tropical latitudes in South America and Africa during the Aptian, suggesting the triggering mechanism. We analyzed sixty-five core samples from the São Luís Basin (Brazilian Basin), corresponding to equatorial paleolatitudes in the Aptian–Albian. Around 40 g of sediment were processed using standard methods for palynology; and up to 300 palynomorphs were counted for each sample. Comparison between these new data on the sporomorph genera richness with those published from African and South American basins allowed us to define a representative map of the variation of palynoflora in the Gondwana Supercontinent. For paleoclimatic interpretation, we used four indicators: palynological assemblages, sporomorph genera richness, relative abundance of reworked palynomorphs, and changes in sedimentary facies. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and the chi-square test to compare the proportions of pollen grains and spores between indicators of humid and arid paleoclimates. We grouped the result of sedimentary facies and ichnofabrics into four facies associations: epicontinental silicillastic marine delta; siliciclastic restricted epicontinental sea; mixed restricted epicontinental sea; and epicontinental hypersaline sea. We recovered a diverse and abundant palynoflora with a dominance of gymnosperms, such as Classopollis spp., Araucariacites spp. and Callialasporites spp., and fern spores, Cicatricosisporites spp., Leptolepidites spp. and Crybelosporites spp., occurring at different stratigraphic levels in the studied succession. The shift in palynoflora to elements with humid climate preferences is reflected in the abrupt change from mixed to siliciclastic sedimentation (indicating greater fluvial input), increase in the relative abundance of reworked Paleozoic palynomorphs, and increase in the richness of genera of pollen grains and spores. Principal component analysis clearly shows correlation between the genus Classopollis and hybrid sedimentation, while the genera Araucariacites, Cicatricosisporites and trilete spores are associated with siliciclastic sedimentation. Regarding marine palynomorphs, we recorded a peak in dinoflagellate cysts (genus Subtilisphaera). However, given increased humidity precedes this peak, we interpret that the first major marine transgression event associated with the proto-South Atlantic Ocean was not the main driver of late Aptian humid climates. Our data suggest that the southward shift of the Equatorial Humid Belt was coeval with variations in Earth's thermal asymmetry during the Aptian, when inter-hemispheric temperature gradient substantially decreased. Previously published simulations of general circulation models have shown the relationship between Earth’s thermal asymmetry and atmospheric circulation patterns, which corroborates the hypothesis that the latitudinal displacement of the proto-ITCZ would be the mechanism causing the inception, yet in the Aptian, of the Equatorial Humid Belt in the low latitudes of South America and Africa.

Keywords: Aptian, palynology, ITCZ, Gondwana.

Santos et al. Evidencia de um Cinturón Ecuatorial Húmedo Prealbiano en el Hemisferio sur

A.Santos^a; M.A.L.Mota^a; G.Fauth^a,b; C.E.L.Vieira^b; P.S.G.Paim^c; R.G.Netto^c; H.P.Kern^a; Daniel Sedorko^d, Ernesto Luiz C. Lavina^c, Guilherme Krahl^a, Claus Fallgatter^e, Deise Marli da Silveira^f, Carolina D. Aquino^g, Marinez O. dos Santos^c, Simone Baecker-Fauth^a

^aitt Oceaneon, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^bUniversidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brasil; ^cPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^dMuseu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; ^eLagese/Litpeg, UFPE, Brasil; ^fPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, UFPR, Brasil; ^gLaboratório de Análises de bacias, UFPR, Brasil

La visión actual del Supercontinente de Gondwana sugiere que este fue dominado por ambientes áridos durante el Cretácico Inferior. Según el llamado Efecto Supercontinente, las temperaturas extremas y los bajos niveles de humedad caracterizaron el interior del continente en épocas pre-albianas. Esto resulta de reconstrucciones de zonas climáticas del Cretácico que proponen el establecimiento de una Zona de Convergencia proto-Intertropical (proto-ITCZ) o un Cinturón Ecuatorial Húmedo a partir del Albiano. Sin embargo, la gran cantidad de datos para estas reconstrucciones climáticas en el Hemisferio Norte y los pocos trabajos realizados en el Hemisferio Sur (por ejemplo, el noreste de África, Brasil y Colombia) tienden a orientar las interpretaciones paleoclimáticas. Aun así, trabajos recientes, sugieren que climas relativamente húmedos acontecían en los paisajes tropicales de Gondwana a finales del Aptiano. Dos hipótesis han sido sugeridas como responsables de la aparición de condiciones húmedas en estos contextos tropicales: las principales transgresiones marinas resultantes de la apertura inicial del Atlántico Sur y el desplazamiento latitudinal del Cinturón Húmedo Ecuatorial. Basado en evidencia de datos palinológicos, icnológicos y sedimentológicos en bajas latitudes, este trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar el inicio de las condiciones húmedas en latitudes tropicales de América del Sur y África durante el Aptiano, sugiriendo el mecanismo detonante. Se analizaron 65 muestras de núcleos de la Cuenca de São Luís (cuenca brasileña) correspondiente a las paleolatitudes ecuatoriales en el Aptiano–Albiano. Se procesaron alrededor de 40 g de sedimento usando el método estándar para palinología y se contaron hasta 300 palinomorfos por cada muestra estudiada. La comparación de estos nuevos datos de riqueza de géneros de esporomorfos con otros similares ya publicados de cuencas africanas y sudamericanas nos permitió definir un mapa representativo de la variación de la palinoflora en el supercontinente de Gondwana. Para la interpretación paleoclimática, utilizamos cuatro indicadores: asociaciones palinológicas, riqueza de géneros de esporomorfos, abundancia relativa de palinomorfos reelaborados y cambios en las facies sedimentarias. El análisis de componentes principales (CP) y la prueba chi-cuadrado fueron usados para comparar las proporciones de granos de polen y esporas, entre los indicadores de paleoclima húmedo y árido. El resultado de las facies sedimentarias y las icnofábricas se agruparon en cuatro asociaciones de facies: delta marino silicilástico epicontinental; mar epicontinental restricto siliciclástico; mar epicontinental restricto mixto; y mar hipersalino epicontinental. Se recuperó una palinoflora diversa y abundante con un dominio de gimnospermas, como Classopollis spp., Araucariacites spp. y Callialasporites spp., y esporas de helechos, Cicatricosisporites spp., Leptolepidites spp. y Crybelosporites spp., ocurriendo en diferentes niveles estratigráficos en la sucesión estudiada. El cambio en la palinoflora a lo largo de la sección a elementos con preferencias climáticas húmedas se refleja en el cambio abrupto de sedimentación mixta a silicítica (lo que indica un mayor aporte fluvial), un aumento en la abundancia relativa de palinomorfos paleozoicos reelaborados y un aumento en la riqueza de géneros de granos de polen y esporas. El análisis de componentes principales muestra claramente una correlación entre el género Classopollis y la sedimentación híbrida, mientras que los géneros Araucariacites, Cicatricosisporites y esporas triletes están asociados con la sedimentación siliciclástica. En cuanto a los palinomorfos marinos, registramos un pico de quistes de dinoflagelados (género Subtilisphaera). Sin embargo, como los indicadores de humedad ocurren antes de este pico, interpretamos que el primer gran evento de transgresión marina asociado con el proto-Océano Atlántico Sur no fue el principal impulsor de la humedad en el final del Aptiano. Nuestros datos sugieren que el desplazamiento del Cinturón Ecuatorial Húmedo hacia latitudes más meridionales fue coetáneo con las variaciones en la simetría térmica del planeta durante el Aptiano, momento en el cual, el gradiente de temperatura inter-hemisférico disminuye sustancialmente. Simulaciones de modelos de circulación general han demostrado la relación entre la simetría térmica de la Tierra y los patrones de circulación atmosférica, lo que corrobora la hipótesis de que el desplazamiento latitudinal de la proto-ZCIT sería el mecanismo causante del surgimiento, aún en el Aptiano, de la Faja Ecuatorial Húmeda en las bajas latitudes de América del Sur y África.

Palabras clave: Aptiano, palinologia, ITCZ, Gondwana.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Santos et al. Aptian palynoflora of the Cerro Negro formation, Snow Island, Antartic peninsula

Alessandra Santos^a, Enelise Kátia Piovesan^b, Juliana Guzmán^b, Cristian D. Usma^c, Luiz Carlos Weinschütz^d, Radarany Jasmine M. dos Santos^b, Gustavo R. Oliveira^e, Rodrigo G. Figueiredo^f, João Henrique Z. Ricetti^d,g, Everton Wilner^d, Juliana M. Sayão^h, Alexander W.A. Kellner^h,i

^aInstituto Tecnológico de Paleoceanografia e Mudanças Climáticas (itt Oceaneon), UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^bLaboratório de Micropaleontologia Aplicada/LAGESE/LITPEG, UFPE, Recife, Brasil; ^cNúcleo de Estudos Geoquímicos e Laboratório de Isótopos Estáveis NEGLABISE/CTG, Recife, Brasil; ^dCentro Paleontológico da Universidade do Contestado/CENPALEO, Universidade do Contestado, Mafra, Brasil. ^eLaboratório de Paleontologia & Sistemática, UFRP, Pernambuco, Brasil; ^fDepartamento de Biologia, UFES, Alegre, Brasil; ^gPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, UFRG, Porto Alegre, Brasil; ^hLaboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; ⁱLaboratório de Sistemática e Tafonomia de Vertebrados Fósseis, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

This work presents a study of the palynoflora of an outcrop located on Snow Island, in the Antarctic Peninsula. The Cerro Negro Formation is mainly composed by volcanosedimentary rocks containing fossilized plants deposited in a fluvio-lacustrine environment. The objective of the study was to document the Aptian palynoflora of Snow Island. The material studied (26 samples) was collected by the PALEOANTAR team during the 35th Antarctic Operation (OPERANTAR XXXV) and processed (40 g) following the standard technique for palynological analysis. In each sample, up to 300 palynomorphs were counted through transmitted-light optical microscopy. Diversity (Shannon-Wiener), dominance (Simpson) and equality (Eveness) indices were applied to the palynoflora data through the PAST Software. A total of 5,504 specimens and 43 taxa were identified. Sporomorphs are abundant, prevailing representatives of ferns, lycophytes and bryophytes (33 species), followed by coniferous pollen grains with seven species. In terms of abundance and frequency in the analyzed section, the following spores stand out: Ceratosporites equalis, Baculatisporites comaumensis, Biretisporites spp., Cicatricosisporites spp., Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Deltoidospora hallii, Foraminisporis asymmetricus, Ischyospories spp., Leiotriletes spp., Muricingulisporis annulatus, Ornamentifera spp., Psilatriletes radiatus, Sotasporites elegans, S. triangularis, triletes, Undulatisporites pannuceus, and Verrucosisporites spp. Among the conifers: Alisporites bilateralis, Araucariacites spp., Podocarpidites spp. and Vitresisporites spp. The described palynological association is very similar to the macroflora registered in the Lower Cretaceous of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The section can be divided into two parts, the basal portion (up to ~3.9 m) characterized by a clastic facies association with predominance of mudstones, where the highest rates of diversity and equality of palynoflora are found. The upper portion (from ~3.9 m to the top ~30 m) is characterized by an pyroclastic facies association with the triletes group as dominant palynoflora. These results show a change in the behavior and preservation of the palynoflora towards the top of the section, which may be directly related to the incidence of subalkaline continental-arc rhyolitic volcanism, which occurred in the region during the Aptian. [CNPQ 407670/2013, 442677/2018-9].

Keywords: Aptian, palynoflora, Antarctica.

Santos et al. Palinoflora del Aptiano de la formación Cerro Negro, Isla Snow, península Antártica

Alessandra Santos^a, Enelise Kátia Piovesan^b, Juliana Guzmán^b, Cristian D. Usma^c, Luiz Carlos Weinschütz^d, Radarany Jasmine M. dos Santos^b, Gustavo R. Oliveira^e, Rodrigo G. Figueiredo^f, João Henrique Z. Ricetti^d,g, Everton Wilner^d, Juliana M. Sayão^h, Alexander W.A. Kellner^h,i

^aInstituto Tecnológico de Paleoceanografia e Mudanças Climáticas (itt Oceaneon), UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brasil; ^bLaboratório de Micropaleontologia Aplicada/LAGESE/LITPEG, UFPE, Recife, Brasil; ^cNúcleo de Estudos Geoquímicos e Laboratório de Isótopos Estáveis NEGLABISE/CTG, Recife, Brasil; ^dCentro Paleontológico da Universidade do Contestado/CENPALEO, Universidade do Contestado, Mafra, Brasil; ^eLaboratório de Paleontologia & Sistemática, UFRP, Pernambuco, Brasil; ^fDepartamento de Biologia, UFES, Alegre, Brasil; ^gPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, UFRG, Porto Alegre, Brasil; ^hLaboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; ⁱLaboratório de Sistemática e Tafonomia de Vertebrados Fósseis, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Este trabajo presenta un estudio de la palinoflora de un afloramiento localizado en la Isla Snow, en la Península Antártica. La Formación Cerro Negro es compuesta principalmente por rocas volcanosedimentarias, conteniendo plantas fosilizadas, depositadas en un ambiente fluvio-lacustre. El objetivo del trabajo fue documentar la palinoflora del Aptiano de la Isla Snow. El material estudiado (26 muestras) fue colectado por el equipo PALEOANTAR, durante la 35ª Operación Antártica (OPERANTAR XXXV) e procesadas (40 g) utilizando la técnica estándar para análisis palinológica. En cada muestra fueron contados hasta 300 palinomorfos a través de microscopia óptica de luz transmitida. Fueron aplicados en los dados de la palinoflora, índices de diversidad (Shannon-Wiener), dominancia (Simpson) e igualdad (Eveness) a través del Software PAST. Fue posible identificar un total de 5,504 especímenes y 43 taxones. Los esporomorfos son abundantes, predominando los representantes de helechos, licofitas y briofitas (33 especies), seguidas por granos de polen de coníferas con siete especies. En términos de abundancia y frecuencia en la sección analizada, se destacan los siguientes esporos: Ceratosporites equalis, Baculatisporites comaumensis, Biretisporites spp., Cicatricosisporites spp., Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Deltoidospora hallii, Foraminisporis asymmetricus, Ischyospories spp., Leiotriletes spp., Muricingulisporis annulatus, Ornamentifera spp., Psilatriletes radiatus, Sotasporites elegans, S. triangularis, Triletes, Undulatisporites pannuceus y Verrucosisporites spp. Entre las coníferas: Alisporites bilateralis, Araucariacites spp., Podocarpidites spp. e Vitresisporites spp. La asociación palinológica descrita es muy semejante a la macroflora registrada en el Cretácico Inferior de las Islas Shetland del Sur, Antártica. La sección puede ser dividida en dos partes, la porción basal (hasta ~3.9 m) caracterizada por una asociación de facies clástica con predominando de lodolitas, donde se presentan los mayores índices de diversidad e igualdad de palinoflora. La porción superior (desde ~3.9 m hasta el tope ~30 m) es caracterizada por una asociación de facies piroclástica con el grupo de los triletes como palinoflora dominante. Esos resultados muestran un cambio en el comportamiento y en la preservación de la palinoflora en dirección al tope de la sección, que puede estar directamente relacionado a la incidencia del volcanismo riolítico subalcalino de arco continental, ocurrido en la región durante el Aptiano. [CNPQ 407670/2013, 442677/2018-9].

Palabras clave: aptiano, palinoflora, Antártica.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Bogotá et al. Evolution of the Pebas system during the Miocene: a dynamic governed by the Andean uplift, changes in sea level and astronomical forces

R.G. Bogotá-Angel^a, C. Hoorn^b, C. González-Arango^c, T. Kukla^d, F.P. Wesselingh^e,f, P. Val^g, H. Vonhof^h, R.J. Morley^i,j

^a Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José Caldas, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; ^b Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ^c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; ^d Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; ^e Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands, ^f Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.121, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands; ^gDepartamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, DEGEO 58, Brazil; ^h Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; ⁱ Palynova Ltd, Littleport, UK; ^j Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.

In the Miocene (>23-11 Ma), the large wetland “Pebas Lake” developed in the western Amazonia. Its occurrence helped to explain current biogeographical models of the Amazonian biota, either by “favoring” or “hindering” certain species development. However, the causes that promoted its existence are not well understood. It has been proposed that the dynamic topography together with the Andean uplift and eustasy played a fundamental role in sediment deposition. More recently, orbital forcing has been proposed as another driver to be included to explain the Pebas system dynamic.

Our investigation focused on a multi-proxy analysis of sediments belonging to Los Chorros Section (27,2 m; Amazon River, Colombia) to identify and characterize the presumed cyclicity associated to the Pebas system during the Miocene. We integrated lithological, palynological, malacological and geochemical data from a sequence biostratigraphic perspective.

The biostratigraphic sequence evaluation indicates that the main sediment succession at Los Chorros Section is composed of eight flood-fill packages influenced by obliquity cycles (41 ka) between ~14,4 and 13,8 Ma. Each cycle started with a rapid initial flood with marine-influence condition, followed by a longer regressive infill phase. Palynological analysis allowed to differentiate local vegetation associated to wetlands from regional vegetation, such as non-flooded Amazonian Forest or/and Andean Forest. Sediment geochemistry supported those local and regional sources of sediments. Along the record, marine influences are intermittent. Periods with marine influence are short-lived and related with maxima of mangrove pollen (i.e. Zonocostites ramonae = Rhizophora mangle; Z. “costamaxilalongporatus” cf. R. racemosa) together with foraminiferal test lining, dinoflagellate cysts, coastal mollusk species and an episodic decline in terrestrial biomarkers. During the flooding phase, lacustrine conditions prevailed and were reflected by occurrences of algae (i.e Botryococcus and Pediastrum), floating ferns (Azolla) and mollusk assemblages that reflect alternating oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Pollen accumulation also indicates Mauritiinae palm wetlands development (i.e. Grimsdalea magnaclavata and Mauritiidites franciscoi aff. Lepidocaryum/Mauritia) mixed with grasses within a diverse tropical wet forest. Also, palynology suggests that the Andes (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia) reached between ~1000 and ~3500 m a.s.l and hosted protoparamo species (i.e Byttneripollis rugulatus =Polylepis-Acaena, Psilatriletes aff. peruanus =Jamesonia, Cyathidites typicus =Cyathea, Hamulatisporis aff. Huperzia polycarpos, Tetraletes aff. Sphagnum).

Our investigation allows to conclude that biota composition changes during the Middle Miocene in the western sector of Amazon were controlled by geological and orbital forcing mechanisms.

Keywords: Amazon; palinology; statigraphic sequence; sea raids.

Bogotá et al. Evolución del Sistema Pebas durante el Mioceno: una dinámica regida por el levantamiento Andino, los cambios en el nivel del mar y fuerzas astronómicas

R.G. Bogotá-Angel^a, C. Hoorn^b, C. González-Arango^c, T. Kukla^d, F.P. Wesselingh^e,f, P. Val^g, H. Vonhof^h, R.J. Morley^i,j

^a Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Distrital Francisco José Caldas, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; ^b Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ^c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; ^d Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; ^e Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; ^f Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.121, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands; ^gDepartamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, DEGEO 58, Brazil; ^h Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; ⁱ Palynova Ltd, Littleport, UK; ^j Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.

Durante el Mioceno (>23-11 Ma), en la Amazonia occidental se desarrolló el extenso humedal llamado “Lago Pebas”. La ocurrencia de dicho sistema ha ayudado a explicar parte de la biogeografía actual de la biota de los bosques amazónicos al “favorecer” o “impedir” el desarrollo de especies; sin embargo las causas de derivaron en su existencia no son plenamente comprendidas. Por mucho tiempo se ha propuesto que han sido la dinámica topográfica, el levantamiento andino y los avances marinos periódicos los principales controladores de la acumulación de sedimentos. Mas recientemente se ha sugerido que cambios cíclicos orbitales deben ser incluidos en la explicación de la dinámica del sistema Pebas.

Nuestra investigación se enfocó en el estudio de los sedimentos pertenecientes a la Sección Los Chorros (27,2 m; Rio Amazonas, Colombia) para identificar y caracterizar la presumida ciclicidad en el sistema Pebas durante Mioceno. Para esto, integramos datos litológicos, palinológicos, malacológicos y geoquímicos desde el enfoque de secuencias estratigráficas.

La evaluación de las secuencias bioestratigráficas señalan que la sucesión de sedimentos de la Sección Los Chorros refleja ocho series (ciclos) de paquetes de inundación-relleno influidos por los oblicuidad (41 k-años) que ocurrieron durante el periodo entre ~14.5 y ~13.8 Ma. Cada paquete inicia con una fase rápida de inundación inicial, muy influenciada por condiciones marinas durante la máxima expresión, la cual es seguida por una fase larga regresiva de relleno. El estudio palinológico permitió diferenciar la vegetación local, asociada a pantanos, de la vegetación regional cuyo origen se relaciona, ya sea, a los bosques Amazónicos no inundables de tierras bajas y/o a los bosques Andinos. La geoquímica de los sedimentos confirmó las fuentes locales y regionales de los sedimentos. A lo largo de la sección la evidencia de la influencia marinas se muestra intermitentemente. Los periodos de influencia marina son cortos y están reflejados por máximos en el polen de manglar (i.e. Zonocostites ramonae = Rhizophora mangle; Z. “costamaxilalongporatus” cf. R. racemosa) junto con restos de foraminíferos, dinoflagelados y moluscos costeros, y la disminución episódica en los biomarcadores de origen terrestres. Durante la posterior inundación, las condiciones lacustres imperaron y se vieron reflejadas por el desarrollo de algas (i.e Botryococcus y Pediastrum), helechos flotantes (Azolla) y asociaciones de moluscos que señalan condiciones oligotróficas y eutróficas alternantes. El polen identificado igualmente permitió indicar la presencia de pantanos de palmas de Mauritiinae (i.e. Grimsdalea magnaclavata y Mauritiidites franciscoi, aff. Lepidocaryum/Mauritia) acompañados de pastizales inmersos en una matriz propia de un bosque húmedo tropical diverso. Finalmente el polen identificado sugiere que la altitud alcanzada por los Andes (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana) estuvo en el orden entre 1000 y 3500 m s.n.m. y albergó especies de protoparamo (i.e Byttneripollis rugulatus =Polylepis-Acaena, Psilatriletes aff. peruanus =Jamesonia, Cyathidites typicus =Cyathea, Hamulatisporis aff. Huperzia polycarpos, Tetraletes aff. Sphagnum).

De nuestra investigación se concluye que los cambios en la composición de la biota en el sector occidental de los bosques Amazónicos durante el Mioceno Medio estuvo controlado tanto por mecanismos geológicos como astronómicos.

Palabras clave: Amazonas; palinología; secuencia estratigráfica; incursiones marinas.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Cárdenas et al. Neogene palynology of the Lake Izabal Basin, Guatemala

Damián Cárdenas^a,b, Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe^a, Jonathan Obrist-Farner¹, Enrique Moreno^b

^a Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States of America; ^bCenter for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama.

The Lake Izabal Basin is a deep and asymmetric pull-apart basin developed along the strike-slip North American and Caribbean plate boundary. This basin has accumulated a thick sediment cover (~4 km) since the late Miocene (~12 Ma). We report here the palynological analysis of 13 ditch-cutting samples spanning 650 m of mudstones from an industry well drilled in the eastern side of the basin in 1993. Outcrop observations correlated to industry seismic profiles indicate that the studied interval corresponds to the lower part of the Pliocene Herreria Formation and the uppermost part of the late Miocene Carboneras Formation We counted 2804 palynomorphs and identified 40 taxa including 27 angiosperm pollen, 8 pteridophyte spores, 2 gonyaulacoid dinoflagellate cysts, 2 algae and 1 gymnosperm pollen. The palynological assemblage is characterized by the abundance of Laevigatosporites tibuensis and Psilatriletes spp., as well as the continuous presence of Echiperiporites akanthos (Alismataceae), Malvacipolloides maristellae (Malvaceae), Monoporopollenites annulatus (Poaceae), Pediastrum simplex (Hydrodictyaceae), Podocarpites spp. (Podocarpaceae) and Rhoipites hispidus (unkown affinity). The lowermost 150 m of the studied cuttings are restricted to the Tortonian based on the last occurrence of Bombacacidites nacimientoensis (Malvaceae-Bombacoideae) at 1200 m and the extrapolation of a 12-My-old tuff deposited during the initial infill of the basin.

Keywords: Central America, pollen, spores, dinoflagellate cysts, Miocene, Pliocene.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Diaz-Jaramillo et al. Palynological record of mangroves and sea level changes during the Miocene in the Colombian Caribbean

Diaz-Jaramillo, A.; Plata, A.; Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Salazar, A.; Gallego, N.F.

The Colombian Caribbean has a sedimentary record ranging from the Upper Cretaceous to recent times. It has a wide variety of geological studies that have been supported by hydrocarbon exploration companies. Micropaleontology has mainly focused on the evaluation of marine deposits using calcareous microfossils. In contrast, there is a few paleoecological and paleoenvironmental data from terrestrial palynological analyses, including pollen and spores. The ANH-Los Pájaros-1X stratigraphic well was drilled in the northern sector of the San Jacinto fold belt (CPSJ) by the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH). It is a 1344' (410m) thick sedimentary succession, composed of greenish-gray mudstones, sandstones, conglomerates, and some coal beds. In the fine-grained deposits an abundant and well-preserved association of terrestrial and marine palynomorphs has been identified, such as: Chicoriacidites longispinosus, Clavainaperturites microclavatus, Crassiectoapertites colombianus, Crassoretitriletes vanraadshooveni, Echiperiporites akanthos, Echiperiporites estelae, Echitricolporites spinosus, Fenestrites spinosus, Grimsdalea magnaclavata, Malvacipolloides maristellae, Multimarginites vaderhammenii, Nijsenosporites fossulatus, Perfotricolpites digitatus, Zonocostites ramonae and Tuberculodinium vancampoae. This association indicates a middle-late Miocene age. Some levels of gray mudstones and coal beds present abundant percentages of C. vanraadshovenii (Lygodium microphylum, an invasive fern from continental wetlands and coastal areas) and Z. ramonae (Rizophora, a tree abundant in the most waterlogged parts of the mangrove ecosystems). In addition, other stratigraphic levels present high frequencies of G. magnaclavata and Mauritiidites franciscoi var. minutus (morichal palms), which allows to interpret fluvial and coastal marsh environments in estuaries or tidally dominated deltas. The presence of dinoflagellates, foraminifera, escolecodonts, Botryoccocus sp., Azolla sp., among others, indicates fresh to brackish water in shallow marine environments. Statistical analyses (e.g., DCA, DFA) reveal a correlation between presence and abundance of some palynomorphs and the sedimentary environment. Thus, variations in palynomorph assemblages allow to interpret changes in shoreline configuration and/or relative sea level, highlighting at least two intervals of shallow marine environments and a general marine regressive trend towards the top of the studied sequence.

Keywords: Palynology, Colombian Caribbean, Mangroves, Shallow marine, Middle-Late Miocene.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Hamed et al. The palynololgy of the Red Sea Basin, SE Sudan

Salma E. E. Hamed^a , Ammar Hassan^b and Ali. A.M. Eisawi^a

^aPetroleum Geology Department, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; ^bPetroleum Labs, Research & Studies (PLRS), Khartoum, Sudan

This paper presents the first palynological results from subsurface strata of Red Sea Basin, succession of intercalated sandstones and mudstones in eastern Sudan marl and evaporites.

Although the recovered palynomorphs are overwhelmingly of terrestrial origin, rare brackish water dinoflagellates cysts, freshwater algae and fungal spores were encontered. Based on the stratigraphic distribution of selected pollen and spores from two exploration wells, three informal Assemblage palynozones from late Oligocene to early Pliocene are proposed. The identified zones, in ascending order, are: Assemblage Zone Ⅰ (Late Oligocene to Early Miocene), Assemblage Zone Ⅱ (Middle Miocene) and Assemblage Zone III (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene).The assigned ages are based on stratigraphic positions and a series of first down hole appearances of key species such as Bombacacidites noremii, Bombacacidites nacimientoensis, Malvacearumpollis estelae, Margocolporites Vanwijhei, Corsinipollenites jussiaeensis, Cicatricosisporites dorogensis, Tricolpites neogenicus. Laevigatosporites javanicus, Verrucatosporites usmensis, Bombacacidites noremii correspond to Assemblage Zone (Ⅰ). Polypodiaceoisporites simplex, Pteridacidites africanus, Polypodiaceoisporites tumulatus, Polypodiisporites specious, Polypodiaceoisporites vancampoi. Polypodiaceoisporites simplex, Assemblage Zone (Ⅱ). Osmundacidites cf. inaequalis, Matonisporites rarus, Chenopodipollis chenopodiaceoides, Chenopodipollis microporatus are characteristic for Assemblage Zone (III).The palynoforal and bontical affinities give an indicator for paleoclimate and paleoenviroment where Low land forests Swamps herbs fobs, Open aquatic environment (Pediastrum Lacustrine) demonstrate during Late Oligiocene to Early Miocene,the existence of Dennstaedtiaceae family indicate the tropical to subtropical to tropical temperate, this suction is overlain by coastal and swamps vegetation Schizeacae which pointed to tropical paleoclimate during the Mid Miocene. Moving to late Miocene to Early Pliocene the tropical or subtropical to aired climate prevailed as have been indicated from grass vegetation.

Keywords: Palynology, upper Paleogene , Neogene Red Sea Paleoenviroment and Paleoclimate

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Leandro et al. Multi-proxy evidence of Caribbean-sourced marine incursions in the Neogene of Western Amazonia, Brazil

L. M. Leandro^a, A. P. Linhares^b, M. A. De Lira Mota^a, G. Fauth^a, A. Santos^a, J. Villegas-Martín^a, C. E.L. Vieira^c, M. D.R. Bruno^a, B. Lee^d, S. Baecker-Fauth^a, F. M. Lopes^a and M. I.F. Ramos^b

^aInstituto Tecnológico de Paleoceanografia e Mudanças Climáticas (itt Oceaneon), Universidade Unisinos, Av. Unisinos 950, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, RS 93020-190, Brasil; ^bMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Av. Perimetral 1901, Belém, PA 66077-830, Brasil; ^cDepartamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Ene Garcês 2413, Aeroporto, Boa Vista, RR 69310-000, Brasil; ^dDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of California, Geology Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, USA.

The timing of continental-scale marine flooding events in Western Amazonia during the Neogene is still an unsolved question. Despite broad proxy-based evidence of such events, the pathways and duration of late Miocene marine incursions remain controversial. We provide coupled calcareous and organic microfossil and geochemical data from six onshore cores from Neogene sequences of the Solimões Basin, Brazil. Our records support minor marine influence in the early Miocene (23.0, 21.1, 18.6, and 16.3 Ma), middle Miocene (14.9, 13.7, and 12.9 Ma) and early Pliocene (4.7, 4.2–4.1, and 3.8 Ma), and conspicuous marine incursions in the late Miocene (11.1–8.8 Ma) suggested by the consistent presence of salinity-indicative microfossils and geochemical data. Our findings challenge the view of major marine incursions in the early and middle Miocene in the studied area. We propose for the first time a new late Miocene incursion (LMI) event as the main marine flooding event in Western Amazonia during the Neogene. These onshore records are compared with three offshore cores from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The similarity between microfossil assemblages of the Solimões Basin and the Caribbean Sea, and evidence of increased runoff from the Orinoco river drainage system, strongly suggest the Caribbean Sea as the primary source area of the marine incursions, supporting a Venezuelan seaway. We further show for the first time the potential linkage between Neogene marine incursions (mainly the LMI) into the Solimões Basin and major disturbances in the global carbon cycle.

Keywords: Western Amazon; neogene; marine microfossils; Miocene.

Leandro et al. Evidencia de incursiones marítimas con origen en el Caribe en el Neógeno de la Amazonía Occidental, Brasil

L. M. Leandro^a, A. P. Linhares^b, M. A. De Lira Mota^a, G. Fauth^a, A. Santos^a, J. Villegas-Martín^a, C. E.L. Vieira^c, M. D.R. Bruno^a, B. Lee^d, S. Baecker-Fauth^a, F. M. Lopes^a y M. I.F. Ramos^b

^aInstituto Tecnológico de Paleoceanografia e Mudanças Climáticas (itt Oceaneon), Universidade Unisinos, Av. Unisinos 950, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, RS 93020-190, Brasil; ^bMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Av. Perimetral 1901, Belém, PA 66077-830, Brasil; ^cDepartamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Ene Garcês 2413, Aeroporto, Boa Vista, RR 69310-000, Brasil; ^dDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of California, Geology Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, USA

El momento de los eventos de inundaciones marinas a escala continental en la Amazonía occidental durante el Neógeno continúa siendo un problema sin resolver. A pesar de la amplia evidencia basada en proxy de tales eventos, las rutas y la duración de las incursiones marinas del Mioceno tardío siguen siendo controvertidas. Proporcionamos datos de microfósiles (de pared orgánica y calcáreo), y geoquímicos de seis núcleos terrestres de secuencias neógenas de la cuenca de Solimões, Brasil. Nuestros registros respaldan una menor influencia marina en el Mioceno temprano (23.0; 21.1; 18.6 y 16.3 Ma), Mioceno medio (14.9; 13,7 y 12.9 Ma) y Plioceno temprano (4.7; 4.2-4.1 y 3.8 Ma), y se observaron incursiones marinas evidentes que fueron registradas al final del Mioceno (11.1-8.8 Ma) sugerido por la presencia constante de microfósiles indicativos de salinidad (un quiste de dinoflagelados, palinoforaminíferos, foraminíferos planctónicos y ostrácodos marinos) y datos geoquímicos. Nuestros hallazgos desafían la visión de grandes incursiones marinas del Mioceno temprano y medio en el área de estudio. Este trabajo propone por primera vez un nuevo evento de incursión del Mioceno Tardío (LMI) como el principal evento de inundación marina en la Amazonía Occidental durante el Neógeno. Los registros encontrados en la Amazonía occidental se comparan con tres núcleos offshore en los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico. La similitud entre los grupos de microfósiles de la cuenca de Solimões y el mar Caribe, y la evidencia de un aumento del caudal del sistema de drenaje del río Orinoco, sugieren fuertemente que el mar Caribe es el área de origen principal para las incursiones marinas, lo que sustenta un mar venezolano (Fig. 1). También mostramos por primera vez el vínculo potencial entre las incursiones marinas del Neógeno (principalmente LMI) en la cuenca de Solimões y las principales perturbaciones en el ciclo global del carbono.

Palabras clave: Amazonía Ocidental; Neógeno; microfósiles marinos; Mioceno.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

McCoy et al. Middle Miocene (Serravallian) wetland development in central England

J. McCoy^a, T. Barrass-Barker^b, E.P. Hockinga^a, J.M.K. O’Keefe^b, J.B. Riding^c and M.J. Pounda^a

^aDepartment of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK; ^bDepartment of Physics, Earth Science, and Space System; Engineering, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky, KY 40351, USA; ^CBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.

The Miocene was identified as an interval of interest in the recent IPCC AR6 report as a geological analogue for middle-late 21st century anthropogenic climate change. The Brassington Formation, Derbyshire, is the most extensively studied of three onshore UK sites that contains a Miocene-age fossil flora. Previous palynostratigraphy has identified that the Kenslow Member is diachronous in age. Of the outcrops that still exist, the Kenslow Top Pit outcrops are dated to the Tortonian, whilst the Bees Nest outcrop is dated to the Serravallian.

The Serravallian is an interesting interval to investigate terrestrial environments of northwest Europe - against a background of global temperature declines and increased aridity, the regional climate of northwest Europe remained warm and humid, likely caused by the Atlantic Meridional Oceanic Circulations. Despite this regional significance, the Serravallian Kenslow Member has only ever been studied using plant palynology from grab samples. Here we present the first continuous sequence of palynology through the Serravallian Kenslow Member at Bees Nest Pit.

Reconstruction of two identified pollen zones showed a mixed mesophytic forest with an evolving wetland palaeoenvironment. Through high-resolution sampling, it has been possible to explore the changing wetland ecology. We propose a fallen tree influenced the depositional environment and created a forest hollow, which allowed for limited lignite preservation. Co-existence approach-based palaeoclimate reconstructions produced ranges of Mean Annual Temperature ( 15.7-18.4 °C) and Mean Annual Precipitation ( 1096-1372 mm) with no variations across the stratigraphy outside of uncertainty ranges, inferring a relatively short depositional period. Overall, the sequence shows the impact of a flat latitudinal temperature gradient in the North Atlantic during this time interval.

Key words: Serravallian, climate change, pollen, vegetation, warm-temperate, British Isles, Europe.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Narváez et al. Volkheimerites labyrinthus, a new striate angiosperm pollen from the Paleogene of Patagonia, Argentina

P.L. Narváez^a,b, N. Mego^a,b, D.G. Silva Nieto^c, M.B. Prámparo^a,b, and N.G. Cabaleri^a,d

^aConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); ^b Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Av. Adrián Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; ^c Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR), Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Av. General Paz 5445 (colectora) Parque Tecnológico Miguelete Edificio 14 y Edificio 25, B1650 WAB San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ^d Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica (INGEIS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Pabellón INGEIS, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The profile containing the specimens of the new angiosperm pollen grain crops out at Quebrada Barone (43º50’30’’S and 67º54’25’’W), in the Cañadón Carbón area, Chubut Province (Patagonia, Argentina). The sedimentary sequence is approximately 12 m thick, composed of finely laminated shales interbedded with siltstones and fine sandstones. Fourteen samples were collected for palynological analysis but only one had relevant palynological content (good preservation and number of grains). The remaining samples were rich in organic matter (amorphous and opaque phytoclasts) but devoid of palynomorphs. The sample level is located 8.5 m above the upper beds of the underlying Lonco Trapial Formation. The detailed description of this new angiosperm taxon expands the knowledge of the Paleocene palynofloral diversity in Patagonia.

Combined light (LM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were done to provide a detailed description of the 24 specimens of Volkheimerites labyrinthus gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 1. A–D). The generic epithet honors Dr. Wolfgang Volkheimer (1928–2018; Fig. 1. E), a renowned German-Argentinian palynologist who carried out vast research in Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins from Argentina, and who first illustrated specimens of this species from another locality, leaving them with an open assignation. The specific epithet refers to the characteristic labyrinthine pattern of the ornamentation.

The grain is oblate with circular–subcircular outline in polar view, semicircular to ellipsoidal in equatorial view; without defined aperture. Medium to large in size (25.5–55 μm). The presumed distal face is striate, with the muri forming a labyrinthine or dichotomous-radiate pattern. The muri are 1–1.8 μm wide in polar view, broad and rounded. The exine is semitectate. Nexine up to 0.8 µm thick. Columellae 0.5–1.5 µm in diameter, irregularly spaced, 0.8–1.8 μm high. Tectum 1–1.8 μm high. The large circular opening on the presumed proximal face corresponds to the thinning of the exine, that is generally torn or absent.

Volkheimerites labyrinthus shares the presence of a coarse semitecate tectum supported by columellae with the fossil genera Dichastopollenites (Nymphaeaceae), Trisectoris and Periretisyncolpites (Schisandraceae), and with some Winteraceae and Annonaceae species, but differs in having striate-labyrinthine or dichotomous-radiate as opposed to a reticulate ornamentation. Volkheimerites is also distinctive by the occurrence of solitary grains (monads) instead of the more frequent presence of tetrads in the Winteraceae family or grains separated into two hemispheres as in Dichastopollenites. The large thin area of the exine appears to be morphologically analogous to the proximal thinning of the exine in the monads making up the tetrads as occurs in some Annonaceae species. Despite the morphological traits shared with the described genera and families, Volkheimerites labyrinthus could not be assigned a botanical affinity, probably consisting of an extinct taxon not closely related to any extant family.

Keywords: Angiosperm pollen grain; Salamanca Formation; Paleocene; Argentina.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Nordstrom et al. Terrestrial palynomorph diversity within the deepwater Wilcox Group, Alaminos Canyon, Gulf of Mexico

Tiffany Nordstrom^a,b, Vann Smith^a,b, Sophie Warny^a,b

^aDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; ^bMuseum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

The analysis of marine and terrestrial palynomorphs is often used in the reconstruction of paleoclimates, to narrow down sources of sediment in particular drainage areas, and in building biostratigraphic zonations used in biosteering. Biosteering is a high-resolution biostratigraphic technique that can be critical in the exploration of reservoirs. It involves real-time monitoring during the drilling of a borehole to determine the position of the drill bit within the reservoir interval. Biosteering requires the use of pre-established biozonation schemes constructed from palynofacies. The current project aims at creating such a biozonation for deep wells in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico by building a biozonation using a deepwater well from the Alaminos Canyon block (AC 857#1) donated by Royal Dutch Shell to the Center for Excellence in Palynology (CENEX). This well penetrates the Paleogene Wilcox Group sediments, and while the palynology of the onshore Wilcox Group is fairly well documented, the deepwater palynology is largely proprietary. Preservation of calcareous microfossils, like nannofossils and foraminifera, is also often poor in the deepwater Wilcox Group, but palynomorphs are well preserved and should allow the development of a deepwater palynological biostratigraphy with important practical applications in the Gulf of Mexico, in addition to providing paleoclimate and paleobotanical insights. Ditch cuttings from this well with measured depths between 4000 m and 5200 m were processed into 128 samples. Pollen, spore and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages from these samples are currently being identified and tabulated, and the botanical affinities used to reconstruct the paleoclimate. Key species recovered and dominating the assemblages include Intratriporopollenites (Tiliaceae), Betulaceae/Myricaceae types, Caryapollenites (Juglandaceae), and Momipites (Juglandaceae). The dinoflagellate Apectodinium, a classic marker for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, has also been found in the Paleocene samples. Thus far, early Eocene samples appear to have a greater diversity in palynomorphs when compared to the Paleocene samples. The presence, absence, and abundance data of these organic-walled microfossils will be used to construct a biozonation scheme, employing mostly pollen and spores, but also with a limited focus on dinoflagellate events. The palynomorph assemblages observed will be compared to previous onshore palynological studies of the Wilcox Group in order to provide a deeper understanding of these preliminary observed changes in palynomorph diversity. This study will provide one of the first nonproprietary palynological analyses of deepwater Wilcox Group sands, improving stratigraphic control for ongoing and future Gulf of Mexico exploration.

Key Words: Paleogene, Wilcox Group

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Ochoa et al. Neogene reconstruction of terrestrial environments from the Peruvian Desert

D. Ochoa^a & J.F. Montenegro^a

^a Laboratorio de Biogeociencias, Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Perú.

The Pisco East Basin, located on the central Peruvian coast (12-16°S), has yielded abundant and diverse fossil remains, allowing the study of past coastal-marine faunas and environments. By contrast, the continental settings remain virtually unknown given the lack of evidence. Recent excavations carried out by our group unearthed well-preserved plant remains, including leaf impressions, petrified wood, and pollen assemblages from two Miocene localities associated with the Pisco Fm. These floral remains correspond to the earliest known Neogene evidence of plant communities living along the central Peruvian coast, where a vast hyper-arid desert exists today (i.e., the northern limit of the Atacama Desert). Fossils were deposited between 12 and 8 million years ago when the Central Andes had lower heights (~2000-2500 masl) and the Earth experienced a greenhouse climatic regime. Newly discovered plant material will be essential for characterizing the composition of ancient floral communities, assessing past climatic conditions, and gaining insights into the evolution of modern xeric landscapes in relation to the Andean uplift, the Miocene greenhouse climate, and the progressive Pliocene cooling. Plant remains are being used as indicators of taxonomic diversity, while fossil leaves are used as estimators of precipitation. Preliminary results indicate the presence of a plant community formed by abundant savanna elements, with diversity patterns higher than those observed in modern xeric biomes at similar latitudes. Our estimates indicate that Miocene precipitation values varied around 500 and 800 mm/yr, which are significantly higher than current values of ~50 mm/yr. These estimates indicate the presence of a wetter and warm coastal climate, suggesting a different hydrological regime along the central Peruvian coast.

Keywords: Atacama Desert, Peruvian coast, Xeric landscapes, Miocene, Pollen

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Pilié et al. Fungi in a Warmer World: evaluating fungal biodiversity during the Miocene Climatic Optimum in Southern McMurdo Sound

Pilié, M.R.¹, Warny, S.¹, Gibson, M.E.^2,3, Nuñez Otaño, N.B.⁴, Romero, I.C.⁵, Pound, M.J.³, O’Keefe, J.M.K.⁵

¹Center for Excellence in Palynology, Department of Geology & Geophysics, and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; ²Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; ³Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; ⁴Laboratorio de Geología de Llanuras. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Sede Diamante. CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) Argentina; ⁵Department of Physics, Earth Science, and Space Systems Engineering, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, USA.

Fungi play a key role in ecosystems; many are cosmopolitan, but several taxa have distinctive geographical distributions due to climate and host availability. Although they are often overlooked in deep-time palynological preparations, their study in the fossil record is key to better understanding their role in past ecosystems under different climate conditions. Fungal remains are generally deposited close to the source, providing an accurate record of local environmental conditions at the time of deposition. Some fungi have very narrow environmental preferences, such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pH. The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) is considered an excellent analogue for future global climate (Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021). Thus, the Fungi in a Warmer World (FiaWW) project is developing a global dataset of fungal diversity and distributions from different sites representative of the MCO worldwide.

Here we present the fungal study results from the ANDRILL (Antarctic geologic drilling program) 2A core recovered from the southern McMurdo Sound in western Ross Sea, Antarctica. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial palynomorphs previously analyzed suggest a relatively short period of time during the peak of the MCO in which the area became suddenly much warmer, with summer temperatures reaching at least 10°C (Warny et al. 2009), and moisture delivery to the Antarctic coast substantially increased (Feakins et al. 2012). Our preliminary results from the ANDRILL 2A newly acquired fossil fungal record show that fossil fungi are low in diversity and vary in opacity and deterioration throughout the MCO. Amerospores are the most common morphotype found, and the presence of fungal spores without septa could indicate local humid conditions. We used the CREST method (Climate Reconstruction SofTware) to re-evaluate the pollen and spore record to provide new paleoclimatic reconstructions. These new CREST analyses provide a maximum mean annual temperature of 10.3°C and a mean annual precipitation of 1147 mm for the warmest intervals of the MCO. These parameters are consistent with but add precision to the findings published by Warny et al. 2009 (based on the climatic distribution of Nothofagus, the most abundant remaining plant during the MCO in the Ross Sea) and Feakins et al. 2012 (based on modeling of hydrogen isotopic data extracted from leaf waxes). Results from this work will aid in determining the impact an increase in global temperatures would have on modern fungi in glacial environments.

Keywords: fungi, Antarctica

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Velasquez-Franco et al. Listening to Las Lagunas: a long-term disturbance perspective from a conflict zone in Colombia's tropical Andean forest

S. Velasquez-Franco^a,b , J.A. Sierra Giraldo ^{c, d}, J.C. Berrio^e , D.C. Sanchez Duque^c, L.A. Triana-Moreno^{c, d}, and M. Power^f

^aGeography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA; ^bStratigraphy and volcanology Research Group, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia;^cBiology, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; ^dFAUC herbarium, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; ^eGeography, University of Leicester, Leicester, England; ^eGeography and Garrett Herbarium, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.

Armed conflict can trigger and accelerate deforestation, and when coupled with climate impacts, there is increased potential for further acceleration of biodiversity loss. Andean Tropical Forests have been experiencing conflict and post-conflict scenarios for decades, even centuries. Ultimately, long-term conflict zones create human landscape legacies that can be linked to changes in biodiversity. Here we present a framework that links historical ecology and biodiversity conservation toward policy making. A study case from Laguna de San Diego (SDL) is provided as an example of how historical land-use changes are linked to violence and climate variability as the main disturbance drivers within these tropical forests. The ecosystems’ legacies of violence in Colombia’s tropical Andean forests are grouped into three categories as follows: 1. Depletion of wild taxa used for construction materials and food resources, including the enrichment of grass-, domestic- and invasive-plant species; 2. Simplification of ecosystem’s structure and forest fragmentation, and 3. Loss of ecosystem services and nature’s contributions to people. Therefore we argue that these conflict zones can be considered unique ecological entities, and provide an opportunity for understanding human-environment dynamics (HED) through time. The history of disturbance in the upper limit of lower Neotropical rainforest Samaná, Colombia, is described through a multi-proxy interpretation of sedimentary, historical, and satellite records spanning the last century (1920 – 2020). SDL record reveals landscape transformation, past disturbance events, and potential biodiversity legacies through high resolution sedimentological (palynological, microcharcoal) and geochemical (stable isotope) analysis of the top 5-cm-lacustrine sediment cores SDL-Ex1 and SDL-Fc2. Regional changes in precipitation from El Niño/La Niña were evaluated in connection with large magnitude conflict events. We use SDL records to test the hypothesis that disturbances, including warfare, fire, and logging, are keystone processes for shaping the protected area/catchment biodiversity and these impacts are amplified during strong El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. This study demonstrates how disturbance events increased in frequency between 1930 to 1940 and from 1993 to 2003, the latest tandem with observed ENSO variability after the national government put into practice the National Plan of Hydropower Generation and Transmission 1990-2000 (DNP-2.441 –UINF), and armed conflict skyrocketed leading to 13000 displaced people in Samana county. During the last five years, the frequency of deforestation has increased as indicated by satellite (forest loss) and charcoal records, as the effect of the 2016 peace agreement with FARC guerillas expanded into the region. Currently, SDL management plan needs to be updated by the regional environmental authorities, setting up an opportunity to showcase SDL as one of the first regional protected areas with a management plan that incorporates disturbances to improve future projects in this area. We are providing applicable research results to inform decision-making as the returning post-conflict populations accelerate biodiversity loss. Building a bridge between scientists studying Andean Forest ecosystems and management agencies charged with governance provides an opportunity in the Colombian post-conflict era.

Keywords: violence, ENSO, Andes, disturbances, palynology, charcoal, isotopes Align Left.

Velasquez-Franco et al. Listening to Las Lagunas: a long-term disturbance perspective from a conflict zone in Colombia's tropical Andean forest

S. Velasquez-Franco^a,b , J.A. Sierra Giraldo ^{c, d}, J.C. Berrio^e , D.C. Sanchez Duque^c, L.A. Triana-Moreno^{c, d}, and M. Power^f

^aGeography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA;^bStratigraphy and volcanology Research Group, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; ^cBiology, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; ^dFAUC herbarium, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; ^eGeography, University of Leicester, Leicester, England; ^eGeography and Garrett Herbarium, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.

Los conflictos armados pueden desencadenar y acelerar la deforestación, y cuando se combinan con los impactos climáticos, existe un mayor potencial de aceleración de procesos de pérdida de biodiversidad. Los Bosques Tropicales Andinos vienen siendo escenarios de conflicto y posconflicto desde hace décadas, incluso siglos. En última instancia, las zonas de conflicto a largo plazo crean legados de paisajes humanos que pueden vincularse a cambios en la biodiversidad. Aquí presentamos un marco que vincula la ecología histórica y la conservación de la biodiversidad con la formulación de políticas. Se proporciona un caso de estudio de la Laguna de San Diego (SDL) como ejemplo de cómo los cambios históricos en el uso de la tierra están vinculados a la violencia y la variabilidad climática como los principales impulsores de perturbaciones dentro de estos bosques tropicales. Los legados ecológicos de violencia sobre los ecosistemas en los bosques andinos tropicales de Colombia se agrupan en tres categorías de la siguiente manera: 1. Disminución de taxones silvestres utilizados para materiales de construcción y recurso alimentario y el enriquecimiento de especies de pastos, plantas domésticas e invasoras; 2. Simplificación de la estructura de los ecosistemas y fragmentación de los bosques, y 3. Pérdida de los servicios de los ecosistemicos y las contribuciones de la naturaleza a las comunidades humanas. Por lo tanto, argumentamos que estas zonas de conflicto pueden considerarse entidades ecológicas únicas y brindan una oportunidad para comprender la dinámica humano-ambiental (HED) a través del tiempo. La historia de la perturbación en el límite superior de la selva tropical neotropical inferior de Samaná, Colombia, se describe a través de una interpretación multiproxy de registros sedimentarios, históricos y satelitales que abarcan el último siglo (1920 - 2020). El registro de La Laguna de San Diego revela la transformación del paisaje, eventos de perturbación pasados y posibles legados de biodiversidad a través de análisis sedimentológicos (palinología, microcarbónes) y geoquímicos (isótopos estables) de alta resolución de los cinco centímetros (5 cm) superiores de los núcleos de sedimentos lacustres SDL-Ex1 y SDL-Fc2. Se evaluaron los cambios regionales en la precipitación de El Niño/La Niña en relación con eventos de conflicto de gran magnitud. Usamos el registro de SDL para probar la hipótesis de que las perturbaciones, incluidas las guerras, los incendios y la tala, son procesos clave para dar forma a la biodiversidad del área protegida/cuenca y estos impactos se amplifican durante los eventos fuertes de El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS). Este estudio demuestra cómo los eventos de perturbación aumentaron en frecuencia entre 1930 y 1940 y entre 1993 y 2003, el último acoplado con la variabilidad observada del ENOS luego de que el gobierno nacional de Colombia pusiera en práctica el Plan Nacional de Generación y Transmisión de Energía Hidroeléctrica 1990-2000 (DNP-2.441 –UINF ), y el conflicto armado se disparara y provocara el desplazamiento de mas de 13000 personas en el condado de Samaná. Durante los últimos cinco años, la frecuencia de la deforestación ha aumentado según loindicado por los registros satelitales (pérdida de bosques) y de carbón, a medida que el efecto del acuerdo de paz de 2016 con la guerrilla de las FARC se expandió a la región. Actualmente, el plan de manejo ambiental de La Laguna de San Diego necesita ser actualizado por las autoridades ambientales regionales, creando una oportunidad para mostrar a SDL como una de las primeras áreas protegidas regionales con un plan de manejo que incorpora perturbaciones para mejorar las futuras acciones de conservacion de la naturaleza en esta área. Estamos proporcionando resultados de investigación aplicables para informar la toma de decisiones a medida que los habitantes regresan después del conflicto acelerando la pérdida de biodiversidad. Construir un puente entre los científicos que estudian los ecosistemas del bosque andino y las agencias de gestión encargadas de la gobernanza brinda una oportunidad en la era del posconflicto colombiano.

Palabras clave: violence, ENSO, Andes, disturbances, palynology, charcoal, isotopes Align left.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

André et al. Palaeoenviromnental reconstruction of two lost harbors in northern Belgium: Hoeke and Sint Anna ter Muiden

Coralie André^a , Wim De Clercq^b, Dante De Ruijsscher^c, Vanessa M.A.. Hervaerta^a,c, Frieda Bogemans^c, Stephen Louwyea^a .

^aDepartment of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; ^bDepartment of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; ^cRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Geological Survey of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium.

The extreme flooding of 1134 in northern Belgium led to the incision of a large tidal inlet, the Zwin. Afterwards, man reclaimed the landscape via the massive construction of dikes and canals. The region of Bruges, connected to the sea via a network of outer ports, became a major axis of maritime circulation. However, after its heyday, due to the collapse of the economy and the silting up of the Zwin, the harbors fell in disuse and disappeared. A multidisciplinary project now aims to reconstruct to the Roman to Medieval environment in all its aspects. Palynological analysis are carried out to reconstruct the local paleoenvironment of the disappeared harbors.

At the lost harbor Hoeke, 14 samples were analyzed. The pollen record of the peat at the base of the outcrop shows a dominance of tree and shrub pollen (97%), i.e. a regional signal dominated by Corylus avellana, Quercus robur and Alnus. Sphagnum is also frequent. In the marine deposits overlying the peat, the tree signal remains dominant (78%), but also saltmarshes taxa (a.o. Chenopodiacaea), marine input (a.o. dinocysts) and freshwater input (a.o. Pediastrum) is recorded. A natural coastal environment is thus present at Hoeke. More to the east at Sint Anna ter Muiden, 12 samples from an embankment section were analysed. The pollen record in the lower clayey fine-grained sand layers holds similar taxa to those recorded in the upper coastal layer at Hoeke. The above-lying slightly clayey silt layer holds a large amount of shells and shell fragments. In addition to coastal taxa and trees from the hinterland, the herbs Asteraceae-liguliflorae and Brassicaceae as well as Sphagnum become abundant.

Towards the top layer, the number of shells decreases and the signal of herbs increases including a marked presence of anthropogenic taxa (a.o. Cerealia-type). These deposits represent clearly an embankment made of clay sods and a waste layer.

In addition, 22 samples from a lower lying waste layer and a subjacent coastal deposit were also analysed. The lower fine-grained coastal sand layer shows a regional signal dominated by Corylus, Quercus and Alnus. Moreover, on the one hand we observe a freshwater signal with the presence of trees (a.o. Salix), aquatic plants (Sparganium type, Cyperaceae) and freshwater algae (a.o. Pediastrum and Mougeotia). On the other hand, a marine signal is recorded through the presence of trees (Pinus and Saccates), saltmarshes herbs (a.o.Chenopodiaceae and Plumbaginaceae), aquatic plants (Potagemon- type) and other marine elements (a.o. acritarchs and foram linings).

The monolete psilate spores and Sphagnum are also abundant. In the upper silty clay layer, the herbs are dominant in the pollen sum (72%) and together with fungal spores indicate the presence of an anthropogenic layer. These samples reflect the evolution from a natural coastal environment to an embanked environment.

Keywords: Roman/Medieval Age periods; tidal inlet; embankment; coastal deposits; palynology; Zwin; Belgium.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Avendaño. Possible association of particle size and planetary obliquity during the Late Holocene in the Lachuá Region, Guatemala

C.E. Avendaño^a,b,c

^aGrupo de Ciencias de la Tierra y Soberanía Local; ^bProyecto Arqueológico Salinas Nueve Cerros, Guatemala, Guatemala; ^cEscuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala

The climatology of our planet responds to multiple factors linked to multiple spatiotemporal scales. Among these factors, we can find the astronomical ones described by the Milankovitch Cycles, which operate at the millennial-scale, and other ones such as the zonal-related atmospheric latitudinal cells. Due to these various factors, climatic processes cannot be explained under linear models due to distortion of the azonal process, such as topographic barriers and elevational and continentality gradients.

Guatemala is currently localized at the northern displacement limit of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This thermo-pluvial non-geographic equator varies in latitudinal maximum and minimum migration spans thousands of years. Despite Guatemala’s narrow territory, its climatic variability is amplified due to the multiple factors mentioned above.

Based upon a sedimentary core from the Lachua lakeshore at the Lachua Lake National Park, along the Northern Transversal Strip, the paleoenvironment of the last six millennia was reconstructed after combining multiple paleoecological proxies (e.g., particle size, Zygnemataceae spores, pollen and fungal spores). The particle size (PS) of the last millennia has decreased progressively from sand to silt-clay sizes, suggesting a stratigraphic sequence associated with obliquity and a more extensive influence of the North American Monsoon (NAM).

The Lachua PS database positively correlated with the Cariaco Basin titanium sedimentary record. This pattern suggests that parallel to the decreasing precipitation in northern South America during the Late Holocene due to the southern ITCZ migration, precipitation in the Lachua Region has been increasing, possibly to a more extensive influence of the NAM.

Correlation analysis, including global databases, can enrich localized observations by providing a regional context that facilitates visualizing non-linear processes. The results presented suggest the need for further exploration regarding paleoenvironmental reconstructions to strengthen climate change predictions, even more in narrow territories that exhibit complexity, such as Guatemala.

Keywords: Paleoecology, Milankovitch Cycles, transgression, sedimentary core, Mesoamerica.

Avendaño. Posible asociación del tamaño de partícula con la Oblicuidad planetaria durante el Holoceno tardío en la Región de Lachuá, Guatemala

C.E. Avendaño^a,b,c

^aGrupo de Ciencias de la Tierra y Soberanía Local; ^bProyecto Arqueológico Salinas Nueve Cerros, Guatemala, Guatemala; ^cEscuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala

La climatología planetaria responde a múltiples factores que se vinculan a través de múltiples escalas en el espacio y en el tiempo. Entre estos factores, se encuentran los astronómicos descritos principalmente por los Ciclos de Milankovitch que se manifiestan en la escala milenaria, además de otros como la zonalidad de celdas atmosféricas ajustadas a la latitud geográfica. Es por esta razón que los procesos climatológicos no pueden explicarse bajos modelos lineales, ya que procesos azonales los distorsionan, lo cual presenta un reto cuando se integran factores como barreras topográficas, gradientes altitudinales y continentales.

El territorio de Guatemala se localiza cercano al límite máximo norte de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT), la cual, al representar el ecuador térmico-pluvial, varia en la escala milenaria en sus distancias máxima y mínima al ecuador geográfico. Entonces, a pesar del estrecho territorio guatemalteco, su variabilidad climatológica es amplia por la interacción de los múltiples factores ya mencionados.

A partir del estudio de un núcleo sedimentario de las orillas de la Laguna de Lachuá, localizada en el Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá situado en la Franja Transversal del Norte, se logró la reconstrucción del paleoambiente de los últimos ca. 6000 años, luego de combinar múltiples indicadores paleoecológicos (e.g., tamaño de partícula, esporas de Zygnemataceae, polen y esporas fúngicas). La tendencia del tamaño de partícula (TP) de los últimos milenios ha sido progresivamente de arenas hacia limo-arcillas, en un proceso alternante que sugiere ciclos de una secuencia estratigráfica, posiblemente asociada parcialmente a la oblicuidad planetaria y a una mayor influencia del Monzón Norteamericano (MNA).

La comparación de la base de datos de TP de Lachuá con valores de titanio de la Bahía de Cariaco, presentó una correlación positiva. Este patrón sugiere que a medida que durante la segunda mitad del Holoceno el norte de Suramérica tiende a una menor precipitación, por la migración sureña de la ZCIT, la región de Lachuá tiende a una mayor precipitación, posiblemente por la mayor influencia del MNA.

Las correlaciones de bases de datos globales pueden enriquecer resultados puntuales ya que proveen de un contexto regional que puede facilitar la visualización de procesos no lineales. Los resultados presentados sugieren una exploración más profunda en cuanto a las reconstrucciones paleoambientales para fortalecer las predicciones de cambio climático futuro, en territorios estrechos pero complejos como el de Guatemala.

Palabras clave: Paleoecología, Ciclos de Milankovitch, transgresión, núcleo sedimentario, Mesoamérica.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Gómez. Evidence of the "Anthropocene" in the Lozoya Valley, Spain

C. Gómez^a

^aDepartamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

The high-resolution pollen analysis of a core from a hygro-peat formation of periglacial origin located in the municipality of Rascafría (Valle del Lozoya, Madrid) has allowed us to reconstruct the dynamics of plant communities and the anthropogenic impact of the last 2455 +/- 60 BP. The Holocene pollen records allow us to interpret the transition from more or less forested conditions, characterized by the profusion of pine and oak groves, as well as other elements such as birch, to the progressive installation of an open forest environment and the proliferation of landscape units related to the environment anthropization. A paleo-landscape of perennial grasslands dedicated to transhumant and transterminant livestock activities defines different levels of anthropic pressure. In particular, it has been determined that the first clear events of anthropization and deforestation of the forests of the Lozoya Valley occurred during the III millennium cal. BC and that the current physiognomy of the landscape in the area is the same since the Middle Ages. Both pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs have been used as diagnostic tools of anthropogenic impact. The pollen records RAS show how the impact of humans on past landscapes was especially important during the Iron Age, giving rise to the predominance of ruderal and anthropozoogenic anthropogenic formations linked to the transterminating livestock movement towards the summer pastures of the high Guadarrama´s mountains. The growth of Madrid in the XVII and XVIII centuries A.D. caused the need for a continuous supply of raw materials, wood, granite for the paving of the streets, coal, food and even ice, all of them coming from the mountain areas. At the beginning of the 19th century A.D. it is perceived that the Sierra de Guadarrama has been subjected to continuous exploitation for centuries, forestry and livestock, and that its condition worsens with the need for raw materials and food demanded by the capital, so it becomes imminent to undertake measures for the protection and management of the forest, being in this century when its reforestation takes place. Mentioning precisely these reforestation activities, the pollen diagram of Rascafría clearly shows the increase of Pinus sylvestris type, at a date immediately after 50 ± 40 BP, that is, most probably between 1800-1930 cal. AD, coinciding with the reforestation law that started in 1877.

Key words: Anthropocene, Spain, Rascafría, pollen, non-pollen microfossils.

Gómez. Evidencia del “Antropoceno” en el Valle del Lozoya, España

C. Gómez^a

^aDepartamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

El análisis polínico de alta resolución de un testigo obtenido en una formación higroturbosa de origen periglacial situada en el término municipal de Rascafría (Valle del Lozoya, Madrid) ha permitido reconstruir la dinámica de las comunidades vegetales y el impacto antrópico de los últimos 2455 +/- 60 BP. Los registros polínicos holocenos permiten interpretar el tránsito desde unas condiciones más o menos forestales, caracterizadas por la profusión de pinares y melojares, así como de otros elementos mesófilos como el abedul, a la instalación progresiva de un medio forestal abierto y la proliferación de unidades de paisaje relacionadas con la antropización del medio. Un paleopaisaje de pastizales vivaces dedicados a actividades ganaderas trashumantes y transterminantes define diferentes niveles de presión antrópica. En particular, se ha podido determinar que los primeros eventos claros de antropización y deforestación de los bosques del Valle del Lozoya ocurrieron durante el III milenio cal. BC y que la fisionomía actual del paisaje en el área es la misma desde la Edad Media. Los palinomorfos tanto polínicos como no polínicos han sido utilizados como herramientas de diagnosis del impacto antrópico. Los registros polínicos de RAS, muestran cómo el impacto del ser humano sobre los paisajes pretéritos fue especialmente importante a lo largo de la Edad de Hierro, dando lugar a la predominancia de formaciones antrópicas ruderales y antropozoógenas vinculadas con el trasiego ganadero de tipo trasterminante hacia los pastos estivales de la alta montaña guadarrámica. El crecimiento de Madrid en los siglos XVII y XVIII d.C. ocasionó la necesidad de un aporte continuo de materias primas, maderas, granito para el empedrado de las calles, carbón, alimentos e incluso hielo, procedentes todos ellos de las zonas serranas. A principios del siglo XIX d.C. se tiene la percepción de que la Sierra de Guadarrama lleva siglos siendo sometida a una explotación continuada, forestal y ganadera, y que su estado empeora con la necesidad de materias primas y alimentos que demanda la capital, por lo que se hace inminente acometer medidas de protección y gestión del bosque, siendo en este siglo cuando se produce su repoblación forestal. Haciendo mención, precisamente, a dichas actividades reforestadoras, en el diagrama polínico de Rascafría se observa muy netamente el aumento de Pinus sylvestris tipo, en fecha inmediatamente posterior al 50 ± 40 BP, es decir, con toda probabilidad entre 1800-1930 cal. AD coincidente con la Ley de repoblación forestal que inició en 1877.

Palabras claves: Antropoceno, España, Rascafría, polen, microfósiles no polínicos.

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Monsalve-Marín. Evidence of changes in vegetation and climate during the Late Glacial of northwestern Colombia, based on palynology and X-ray microfluorescence-X

C. A. Monsalve- Marín^a, G. E. Gorin^b y L.N. Parra Sánchez^c

^aPh.D. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. (Colombia) camonsal@unal.edu.co; ^bPh.D. Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Environnemental Science section, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva. Switzerland., georges.gorin@unige.ch; ^cPh.D. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. (Colombia) lnparra@unal.edu.co

The Frontino paramo is located in the northern part of the Western Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, exactly in the municipality of Urrao (Antioquia). Due to its geographical position, in the northwest of South America, it is geostrategic, conserving in itself a diversity of environments, flora, fauna, geomorphology, waters and glacial geology unique to the north of the Andes. Its location allows it to modulate the climate, while being influenced by the meteorology coming mainly from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Figure 1). In this research, the reconstruction of the vegetation and climate during the Late Glacial of the paramo is presented. Palynology and microfluorescence (μXRF) were used to study the sediments recovered from several cores in the Llano Grande wet zone at an altitude of 3460 m. Palynology was studied in the 7.50-12.5 m section of the Llano Grande-2 core (LLG-2), and (μXRF) in the LLG-5 core (8.50-12.50m). The age model for the Llano Grande Basin was derived from 30 AMS dates of 14C. According to this model, the time interval studied in this work covers from 16,700 to 11,500 cal years BP.

The vegetation belts and their variations were hired as paleotemperature proxy. In addition, with the use of local aquatic plants, it was possible to obtain a moisture proxy for the basin. μXRF, particularly of the element titanium (Ti), was used as another moisture proxy, and has a sub-annual resolution. Results: Using the cluster analysis and knowledge of the ecology of the flora that occurs in the paramo, nine biozones were determined with palynology, based on the reconstruction of the vegetation belts and the productivity of the genetic spectrum with pollen, spores of ferns, fungi and algae (palynomorphs paleoproductivity of the system), at a resolution close to 50 years (every 2 cm). These results have allowed the paleoenvironmental and climatic reconstruction of the Tardiglacial in northwestern Colombia through the discovery of 5 biozones (Bz) of changes, namely: Biozone 1 (Bz-1) occurs between 16,700 and 16,120 cal years BP. It is approximately equivalent to the Oldest Dryas, and at the level of Colombia, with a part of the Fúquene stadial. Bz-2 occurs between 16,100 and 14,580 cal years BP. Apparently, this biozone is equivalent to the GS-2 chronozone of the time scale obtained in GICCO5 and, in part, could be located between the Oldest Dryas stadial and the Bølling interstadial for Europe. At the Colombian level, it resembles the Susacá interstadial. Bz-3 occurs between 14,550 and 13,660 cal years BP. The sedimentary record suggests cool, wet weather conditions. At a global level, Bz-3 could be compared with the GI-1e and GS-2 chronozone of the time scale obtained in GICCO5, and could be located between the transition of the Bølling and Allerød (Older Dryas) interstadials for Europe. At the level of Colombia, approximately with the La Ciega stadial. Bz-4 occurs between 13,630 and 12,720 cal years BP. The sedimentary record suggests hot and dry weather conditions. At a global level, Bz-4 could be compared to the interval between the chronozones GI-1a to GI-1d on the GICCO5 scale, and to the transition between the Allerød interstadial and the Younger Dryas (YD) stadial for Europe. At the level of Colombia, with the Guantiva interstadial. And Bz-5 occurs between 12,700 to 11,500 cal years BP suggests very cold conditions. On a global level, the Bz-5 could be compared to the GICCO5 chronozone Gs-1, and is approximately equivalent to the Younger Dryas (YD). At the level of Colombia, with the Abra stadial. Finally, it can be mentioned that the previous paleoenvironmental reconstruction proposal can be taken into account as a reference and/or comparison framework in the identification of climatic events at the local, regional and global levels.

Monsalve- Marín et al. Evidencias de cambios en la vegetación y el clima durante el Tardiglacial del noroccidente de Colombia, basado en palinología y microfluorescencia de rayos X

C. A. Monsalve- Marín^a, G. E. Gorin^b y L.N. Parra Sánchez^c

^aPh.D. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. (Colombia) camonsal@unal.edu.co; ^bPh.D. Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Environnemental Science section, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland., georges.gorin@unige.ch; ^cPh.D. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. (Colombia) lnparra@unal.edu.co

El páramo de Frontino se encuentra en la parte norte de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes colombianos en el municipio de Urrao-Antioquia. Por su posición geográfica, en el noroccidente de Sudamérica, es geoestratégico, conservando en sí una diversidad de ambientes, flora, fauna, geomorfología, aguas y geología glaciar única al norte de los Andes. Su ubicación le permite ser modulador del clima, a la vez que es influenciado por la meteorología proveniente principalmente del mar Caribe y del océano Pacifico.

En esta investigación, se presenta la reconstrucción de la vegetación y el clima durante el Tardiglacial del páramo. Se utilizaron la palinología y la microfluorescencia (μXRF) para estudiar los sedimentos recuperados en varios testigos en la turbera Llano Grande a 3460 m de altitud. La palinología fue estudiada en la sección 7.50-12.5 m del testigo Llano Grande-2 (LLG-2), y la (μXRF) en el testigo LLG-5 (8.50-12.50m). El modelo de edad para la cuenca de Llano Grande fue derivado de 30 dataciones AMS de 14C. Según este modelo, el intervalo de tiempo estudiado en este trabajo cubre desde los 16.700 hasta los 11.500 años cal AP.

Los cinturones de vegetación y sus variaciones fueron utilizados como proxy de paleotemperatura. Además, con la utilización de las plantas acuáticas locales se permitió obtener un proxy de humedad de la cuenca. La μXRF, particularmente del elemento titanio (Ti), fue utilizado como otro proxy de humedad, y tiene una resolución subanual.

Resultados: Utilizando el análisis de clúster y el conocimiento en la ecología de la flora que ocurre en el páramo, se determinaron con la palinología nueve biozonas, basadas en la reconstrucción de los cinturones de vegetación y la productividad del espectro genético con el polen, esporas de helechos, hongos y algas (paleoproductividad polínica del sistema), a una resolución cercana a los 50 años (cada 2 cm).

Estos resultados, han permitido la reconstrucción paleoambiental y climática del Tardiglacial en el noroeste de Colombia mediante el hallazgo de 5 biozonas (Bz) de cambios a saber: La Biozona 1 (Bz-1) ocurre entre los 16.700 y 16.120 años cal AP. Es aproximadamente equivalente al Oldest Dryas, y a nivel de Colombia, con una parte del estadial Fúquene. La Bz-2 ocurre entre los 16.100 a 14.580 años cal AP. Aparentemente, esta biozona es equivalente a la cronozona GS-2 de la escala temporal obtenida en GICCO5 y en parte, podría ubicarse entre el estadial Oldest Dryas y el interestadial Bølling para Europa. A nivel de Colombia, se parece al interestadial del Susacá. La Bz-3 ocurre entre los 14.550 y 13.660 años cal AP. El registro sedimentario sugiere condiciones de clima frío y húmedo. A nivel global, la Bz-3 se podría comparar con la cronozona GI-1e y GS-2 de la escala temporal obtenida en GICCO5, y se podría ubicar entre la transición de los interestadiales Bølling y el Allerød (Older Dryas) para Europa. A nivel de Colombia, aproximadamente con el estadial La Ciega. La Bz-4 ocurre entre 13.630 y 12.720 años cal AP. El registro sedimentario sugiere condiciones de clima cálido y seco. A nivel global, la Bz-4 se podría comparar con el intervalo entre las cronozonas GI-1a a GI-1d en la escala de GICCO5, y en la transición entre el interestadial Allerød y el estadial Younger Dryas (YD) para Europa. Y a nivel de Colombia, con el interestadial de Guantiva.

Y la Bz-5 ocurre entre los 12.700 a 11.500 años cal AP con condiciones muy frías. A nivel global, la Bz-5 podría compararse con la cronozona Gs-1 de la escala GICCO5, y es aproximadamente equivalente al Younger Dryas (YD). Y a nivel de Colombia, al estadial El Abra. Finalmente, se puede mencionar, que la anterior propuesta de reconstrucción paleoambiental puede ser tenida en cuenta como marco de referencia y/o comparación en la identificación de eventos climáticos a nivel, local, regional y global.

Orosco and Ochoa. Pollen morphology of Sanguisorbeae (Rosaceae): comparison with fossil elements from diverse environments

B. Orosco^a and D. Ochoa^b

^a Departamento de Biología, Universidad Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú; ^b BioGeoSciences Lab, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible (CIDIS), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Perú

The Sanguisorbeae tribe, within the Rosaceae family, is a monophyletic clade with two subtribes (Agrimoniinae and Sanguisorbinae) that includes 16 genera. The tribe has a wide distribution in the Andes (Acaena, Margyricarpus, Polylepis, and Tetraglochin), with Polylepis being the only arborescent genus of the tribe. The diversification of the Andean genera originated from Verruchaena, a southern hemisphere lineage (South Africa, South America) that gave rise to Acaena during the late Miocene (~10 million years ago) and after several hybridization events to Polyelpis, Tetraglochin, and Margyricarpus.

In Peru, the most abundant and diverse genera of the tribe are Polylepis and Acaena. Polylepis forms forested patches at elevations between 1800-5000 masl, although 94% of the species (n= 18) occur at elevations above 3000 masl. Acaena, on the other hand, grows as a shrub/herbaceous plant that inhabits various altitudinal ranges and ecological distribution, including low, medium and high mountain areas. Considering the differences in ecosystem role between Polylepis and Acaena (i.e., water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity maintenance), differences in habits (trees vs. shrubs/herbs) and, in some cases, the associated plant composition (e.g., low montane versus high Andean xeric elements), it becomes key to discriminate the palynological morphology between these genera, in order to improve any (paleo)ecological interpretation based on the palynological record. To date, Acaena/Polylepis is regarded as a single pollen entity based on morphological characteristics, and is associated with the fossil form Byttneripollis rugulatus.

We analyze the pollen morphology of seven genera of Sanguisorbeae (Acaena, Agrimonia, Margyricarpus, Polylepis, Poterium, Sanguisorba, and Sarcopoterium) comprising 30 species collected from herbaria. Morphological traits were also compared with two fossil samples from the Pacific coast (~8 Ma) and the Peruvian altiplano (~5-4 Ma). Our preliminary results indicate that it is possible to discriminate between some genera using light microscopy, as the Sanguisorbeae tribe varies from oblate-spheroidal (e.g., Polylepis) to prolate (e.g., Agrimonia) forms. The exine is thin with ornamentations varying from rugulate, verrucate to striate. The apertures are mostly tricolporate except in Sanguisorba officinalis (hexacolporate) and Margyricarpus (tetracolporate), with lalongate to circular and pontoperculate pores. Polylepis and Acaena show high morphological similarity; however, the ornamentation presents particular elements that we consider could be useful to achieve better identifications using high resolution confocal microscopy.

Keywords: Polylepis, Pollen morphology, Sanguisorbeae, Acaena

Orosco and Ochoa. Morfología polínica de Sanguisorbeae (Rosaceae): comparación con elementos fósiles de ambientes diversos

B. Orosco^a and D. Ochoa^b

^a Departamento de Biología, Universidad Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú; ^b BioGeoSciences Lab, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible (CIDIS), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Perú

La tribu Sanguisorbeae de la familia Rosaceae, es un clado monofilético con 2 subtribus (Agrimoniinae y Sanguisorbinae) que incluyen 16 géneros. La tribu tiene una amplia dominancia en los Andes (Acaena, Margyricarpus, Polylepis y Tetraglochin), siendo Polylepis el único género arborescente de la tribu. La diversificación de los géneros altoandinos (i.e. Acaena, Margyricarpus, Polylepis y Tetraglochin) surgen a partir de Verruchaena, un linaje que se extendió en el hemisferio sur (Sudáfrica, Sudamérica), originando a Acaena en el Mioceno tardío (~10 millones de años) y posteriorme a Polyelpis, Tetraglochin y Margyricarpus tras varios eventos de hibridación.

En Perú, los géneros más representativos de la tribu son Polylepis y Acaena. Polylepis habita elevaciones de entre 1800-5000 msnm, aunque el 94% de las especies (18 especies) ocurren en elevaciones superiores a 3000 msnm. En tanto que, Acaena tiene una distribución altitudinal y ecológica más variada, incluyendo áreas de baja, media o alta montaña. Considerando las diferencias del rol ecosistémico entre Polylepis y Acaena (i.e. regulación hídrica, secuestro de carbono y mantenimiento de biodiversidad), las diferencias en hábitos de los géneros sudamericanos (i.e. árbol, arbusto y hierba) y en algunos casos la composición vegetal asociadas (e.g. elementos xéricos de baja montaña versus altoandinos), discriminar la morfología palinológica entre estos géneros mejorará las interpretaciones paleoecológicas del registro fósil. A la fecha, las características morfológicas han determinado al grupo Acaena/Polylepis como una única entidad polínica, que se asocia a la forma fósil Byttneripollis rugulatus.

Para este fin, se analizaron 7 géneros de Sanguisorbeae (Acaena, Agrimonia, Margyricarpus, Polylepis, Poterium, Sanguisorba y Sarcopoterium) que representan 30 especies colectadas de herbarios. Además, se compararon con dos muestras fósiles procedentes de la costa pacífica (~8 Ma) y el altiplano (~5-4 Ma) peruano. Nuestros resultados preliminares indican que Sanguisorbeae presenta formas obladas-esferoidales (e.g. Polylepis) a proladas (e.g. Agrimonia) y ámbito circular. Las aperturas son tricolporadas excepto en Sanguisorba officinalis (hexacolporadas) y Margyricarpus (tetracolporada), con poros lalongados a circulares y pontoperculados.

La exina es delgada con ornamentaciones variando de ruguladas, verrucadas a estriadas. Estos resultados indican que es posible discrimar géneros usando microscopia óptica. Polylepis y Acaena tienen gran similitud morfológica; no obstante, la ornamentación presenta elementos particulares que consideramos podrían ser de utilidad para lograr una mejor identificación usando microscopia confocal de alta resolución.

Palabras clave: Polylepis, Morfología polínica, Sanguisorbeae, Acaena

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

Tejada et al. Palynological characterization of a seasonal desertic ecosystem: the Peruvian Lomas

Axel Tejada¹, Juan Montenegro ², María Isabel La Torre^1,3, Diana Ochoa²

¹ Departamento de Biología, Universidad Federico Villarreal, Perú; ² BioGeoSciences Lab, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Perú; ³ Herbario San Marcos (USM), Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Perú

The Lomas are sui generis biome formations, existing only across the desertic Peruvian-Chilean Pacific coast. They are seasonal in nature with an annual development that depends on the local humidity formed during winter and early spring. Their floristic diversity is high, considering that they belong to the so-called South American Arid Diagonal, and it is dominated by ephemeral vascular plants and abundant endemic species. Although the Lomas serve key ecological services for local and migratory species, they are under thread given the rapid expansion of human activities. Preservation of this biome requires understanding the climatic and evolutionary processes that shaped its modern distribution and ecological traits.

The palynological record offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct their historical evolution and climate-driven changes during Holocene. Unfortunately, there are no palynological catalogues of the Lomas ecosystems (and their endemic species) to date, so generating a reference collection is critical for studying past archives, so that robust paleoecological and paleoenvironmenal interpretations can be established. In this work, we are focused on characterize the modern palynoflora of the two largest and most diverse Peruvian Lomas, the Lachay (11°S) and Atiquipa Lomas (14°S). For Lachay, 146 species of vascular plants, grouped in 124 genera and 52 families, have been registered of which 79% are herbaceous, 17% shrubby, and 3% of woody plants. In the case of Atiquipa, there are 350 registered species, grouped in 237 genera and 78 families, 72% of which are herbaceous, 23% are shrubs and 5% are woody. Lachay has 126 species that are species endemic to the Peruvian Lomas and 11 species that are exclusive of this locality, while Atiquipa has 46 species endemic to the Lomas and 6 of exclusive occurrence at his locality. All palynological material used for building the reference collection come from Herbarium material. This collection will be then used to reconstruct and interpret past vegetation changes observed from two short-cores drilled in each of these Lomas.

Key Words: pollen, Peruvian Lomas, endemic, morphology, diversity.

Palabras clave: Polylepis, Morfología polínica, Sanguisorbeae, Acaena

Date: August / Agosto 10

Time: 16:00-17:30

di Pasquo et al. Palynologic study of trace fossil assemblages from glaciogenic rhythmites at Melo region, northeastern Uruguay: biostratigraphical and paleoenvironmental approaches

M. di Pasquo^a, R. G. Netto^b, M. Verde^{c, d}, D. Azurica^d, L. Silvestri^a

^aLaboratorio de Palinoestratigrafía y Paleobotánica, CICYTTP-CONICET-ER-UADER, Dr. Materi y España S/N, Diamante (E3105BWA), Entre Ríos, Argentina; ^bGeology Graduate Program, Unisinos University, Av. Unisinos 950, 93022-000 São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; ^cDepartamento de Paleontología, Instituto de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, UDELAR, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay; ^dPrograma de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas, PEDECIBA Área Geociencias, Uruguay; Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación, ANII and Sistema Nacional de Investigadores SNI, Uruguay.

The ichnofossiliferous-rich glaciogenic sedimentary succession exposed in the Melo region (Cerro Largo County, N Uruguay) attributed to the Ediacaran Tacuarí Formation is also prolific in palynomorphs. Here we discuss the palynology from claystone, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone deposits from 16 sites in the study area. Trace fossils and sedimentary facies were described in the field, and circa 200 slabs containing ichnofossils were collected for a detailed description on a high-resolution (centimetric) scale. Ichnofossiliferous slabs from each site were processed for palynology at the Instituto Tecnológico de Paleoceanografia e Mudanças Climáticas (UNISINOS University, São Leopoldo, Brazil), and analyzed at the Laboratory of Palynostratigraphy and Paleobotany (CICYTTP-CONICET-ER-UADER, Argentina). Three productive samples were obtained from thin-bedded rhythmites from sites 11, 12, and 13 (from base to top stratigraphic order) exposed at Cañada de Infiernillo.

The three assemblages yielded 89 species composed of 33 spores, 49 pollen grains, 4 chlorophycean algal, a fungal spore, an acritarch, and an indeterminate species, representing a putative Phanerozoic record. Lycophyta (c. 7%-20% of the specimens), Cordaitean, Coniferalean, Glossopteridalean (c. 12%-17%), Corystospermaceae/ Peltaspermaceae (5%-8%), Pteridophytes (c. 12%-18%), algal (Botryococcus, Tetraporina, Brazilea, Quadrisporites), and other groups (Deusilites tenuistriatus, Portalites gondwanensis), which together varied from 15% to 32% in the assemblage composition, are the mainly represented botanical groups. Among biostratigraphically important taxa, Brevitriletes leptocaina, B. parmatus, B. cornutus, Converrucosisporites confluens, C. micronodosus, Deusilites tenuistriatus, Hamiapollenites karroensis, Illinites unicus, Latusipollenites quadrisaccatus, Murospora bicingulata, Mabuitasaccites crucistriatus, Pakhapites fusus, P. ovatus, Vallatisporites russoi, and Vitattina saccata are documented. These species compose the record of the latest Pennsylvanian–early Cisuralian Cristatisporites inconstans-Vittatina saccata (IS) Assemblage Zone of the glaciogenic San Gregorio Formation and other correlated palynozones in South America and elsewhere in Gondwana. Moreover, peaks of abundance and diversity of species of Cristatisporites, monosaccate pollen, Vittatina, and Botryococcus occur in the three samples, and peaks of abundance of Horriditriletes, Kraeuselisporites, Vallatisporites occur chiefly in site 13. The thermal alteration index of the palynomorph assemblages indicates an immature phase of oil generation with TAI +1 to -2 (yellow/light orange). Samples of sites 12 and 13 yielded similar palynofacies features, consisting of moderate frequency of tracheids and cuticles (phytoclasts), abundantly well-preserved and highly diverse palynomorphs, and pyrite. These suggest accumulation in a brackish-marginal to inner platform low-energy environment with anoxic bottom waters. A less diverse palynoassemblage with variable degrees of degradation and low frequency of phytoclasts occurs in site 11, possibly deposited under sub-oxic/oxic conditions.

The variable frequencies of plant groups in each sample, based on biological affinities of palynotaxa, indicate a landscape surrounded by fluvial plains and protected areas of rivers and water bodies where Lycophytes were abundant in humid areas, and arboreal forests composed of gymnosperm groups bordering these lowlands. Pteridophytes were mostly part of the understory in forests and lowlands. This landscape and the relative age indicated by the palynoflora reinforce the Phanerozoic age inferred for the trace fossils. Arthropod trackways, trails, furrows, and resting traces (e.g., Arborichnus repetita, Crescentichnus tesiltus, Cruziana problematica, Diplichnites aff. gouldi, Gluckstadtella cooperi, Kingella aff. natalensis, Maculichna varia, Rusophycus isp., Umfolozia sinuosa) dominate the ichnological assemblage, and insect larva trails and burrows (e.g., Helminthoidichnites tenuis). Several of these ichnotaxa are typically found in Late Carboniferous–Early Permian glaciogenic deposits of the Gondwanaland like the Itararé Group in Brazil and the Dwyka Group in South Africa and confirm these rocks were deposited during this age interval. Therefore, the alleged Ediacaran age for the trace fossil assemblage preserved in the deposits of the so-called Tacuarí Formation is not supported by our data. The palynological data presented herein and the structure and composition of the trace fossil assemblage are typical of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) and, more specifically, of the San Gregorio Formation. The reworked nature of the Leiosphaeridia specimens in site 13, based on their light grey color differing from the light-yellow color of the indigenous palynomorphs, and their original preservation in sedimentary beds of the Ediacaran Arroyo del Soldado Group exposed in the study area, indicate that they were eroded from the Ediacaran beds by glaciogenic processes during LPIA.

Keywords: Gondwana ichnostratigraphy; Palynology, Tacuarí Formation; San Gregorio Formation; Carboniferous–Permian; glacial paleoenvironment; Uruguay.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Ghilini et al. Project for the evaluation of the genetic variability of Butia yatay in the grassland-palm ecosystem of the El Palmar National Park (Colón, Entre Ríos) and its adaptation to the climatic phenomenon ENSO in the Late Holocene

D. Ghilini ^a,b, V. Martinez-Marignac^b, M. Di Pasquo^a

^aLaboratorio de Palinoestratigrafía y Paleobotánica, CICYTTP-CONICET-ER-UADER, Dr. Materi y España S/N, Diamante (E3105BWA), Entre Ríos, Argentina; ^bLaboratorio interdisciplinario de Biología y Genética Molecular, CICYTTP-CONICET-ER-UADER, Dr. Materi y España S/N, Diamante (E3105BWA), Entre Ríos, Argentina

In the Parque Nacional El Palmar (PNEP), the modern palm Butia yatay dominates the landscape of grasslands/palms ecosystems known as “butiazales”. This palm that lives between 200 and 400 years offers a delicious fruit used by local producers in the preparation of liquors and conserves with commercial value. In South America, this palm population represents the southernmost extension of humid and temperate savanna ecosystems in Entre Ríos province. Geologic studies performed in this region recognized in the Early Holocene, a semi-arid phase with floods occurred at the beginning and a humid period under tropical conditions during the Middle Holocene, whereas a dry period during the Late Holocene, and Warm Humid Medieval and Little Ice Age are identified. Moreover, in the last 300 years, agricultural exploitation, the repeated burning of grasslands, and the invasion of exotic flora in the park have increased the significant reduction and fragmentation of Butia populations. The first palynological study carried out in the park began in 2011 to reconstruct environmental and climatic changes in the Holocene. Records obtained from surface and atmospheric samples (pollen rain), and comparison with modern flora ecosystems allowed the development of an analogous model of vegetation applicable to the study of soil samples from the Late Holocene, still under study. The first quali-quantitative palynologic study of three cores in three sites of the park allowed the recognition of vegetation changes associated with intervals of higher and lower humidity during the last 500 years (C14 dating). The main cause of this variation was attributed to climatic changes linked to the ENSO phenomenon, confirmed by environmental fluctuations recorded in at least the last 10 years of this study. On the other hand, fossil palm trees provide qualitative evidence for subtropical conditions and frost- and freeze-free winters in the geologic past. This is due to Butia’s intolerance to cold weather being the mean cold month minimum temperature (CMMT) to be inferred to 2–8 °C in paleoclimate reconstructions. However, this tolerance varies according to the different organs and stages of life. Seedlings are the least tolerant stage to temperatures below zero, limiting their ability to colonize new environments outside the range of temperatures that are favorable to them. Therefore, it is our hypothesis that we will be able to validate a work methodology to recover the genetic material of Butia if preserved in these soil samples and compare it with polymorphisms of interest identified in modern Butia yatay. Among the techniques to be used are (1) DNA measurements by flow cytometry to detect individuals with unreduced pollen counts (Butia yatay =2n (32c) or 8n) and compare genome size estimates with those of leaf tissue. (2) Polymorphism identification by Polymerase chain reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for matK and rbcL genes. Although anthropogenic disturbances could have influenced more recent ecological changes of Butia communities, the expected variations in their growth and development will be applied as an estimator of environmental stress conditions to consider its adaptive variability to humid and dry periods.

Keywords:Paleopalynology; Genetic; Butia Yatay; Paleoclimate.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

González et al. Palynological, physical and chemical characterization of fresh bee pollen from different geographical areas of Chile

J. González^a, , E. Rojas^b, , K. Yáñez^b , D. Ramírez^a,, and J.P. Francois^c

^aDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; ^bCentro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; ^acLaboratorio de Geografía Ambiental y Palinología (Lab GAPUPLA), Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.

Corbicular pollen or bee pollen is a mixture of pollen collected from flowers and salivary secretions that the bee kneads into small balls and transports on the third pair of hind legs to the hive. There it is collected by beekeepers with pollen traps before the bees enter through the comb, cleaned and frozen to keep it fresh. It is well known that bee pollen has a high nutritional value, since it contains proteins, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals, nutrients used not only by the beehive, but also by man, who increasingly consumes this product as a food supplement. This product is also a powerful antioxidant, with a high content of polyphenols and flavonoids. In this study, the botanical origin of sixteen samples of fresh frozen pollen was determined by palynological analysis applying the Chilean Standard (NCh 3255, 2011) and some physical properties such as moisture and dry weight, and chemical properties such as pH and total phenols were determined. The results of this study allowed the identification of monofloral, bifloral and multifloral pollens in the different regions and showed that all pollens are in the pH range between 3.7 and 5.8, with humidities less than 22% and with total phenol content between 2.1 ± 1mg GAE/g pollen and 8.1 ± 2.7 mg GAE /g pollen (*GAE: gallic acid equivalent). Finally, the determination of physical and chemical parameters, together with the botanical origins identified according to the Chilean Standard (NCh 3255, 2011) allowed the differentiation and valorization of the sixteen pollens coming from different geographical areas of Chile. Thanks to the beekeeper Leonardo Badani of the company Polen de Monte Badani y Guevara Ltda. for his collaboration with the pollen samples and to the financing of the internal project of the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María PI-M-2020-30. Keywords (up to 7)

Keywords: bee pollen; corbicular pollen; Apis mellifera; Total phenols.

Gonzalez et al. Caracterización palinológica, física y química de pólenes frescos de abejas de distintas zonas geográficas de Chile

J. González^a, , E. Rojas^b, , K. Yáñez^b , D. Ramírez^a,, and J.P. Francois^c

^aDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; ^bCentro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile; ^acLaboratorio de Geografía Ambiental y Palinología (Lab GAPUPLA), Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.

El polen corbicular o polen apícola es una mezcla de polen recolectado de flores y secreciones salivales que la abeja amasa en pequeñas bolas y transporta sobre el tercer par de patas traseras hasta la colmena. Allí es recogido por los apicultores con trampas de polen antes de que las abejas entren por la piquera, para limpiarlo y congelarlo para mantenerlo fresco. Es bien sabido que el polen de abeja tiene un alto valor nutricional, ya que contiene proteínas, hidratos de carbono, aminoácidos esenciales, vitaminas y minerales, nutrientes utilizados no sólo por la colmena, sino también por el hombre, que consume cada vez más este producto como complemento alimenticio. Producto que, además, es un potente antioxidante, con alto contenido en polifenoles y flavonoides. En este estudio se determinó el origen botánico de dieciséis muestras de polen fresco congelado, mediante análisis palinológico aplicando la Norma Chilena (NCh 3255, 2011) y se determinaron algunas propiedades físicas tales como humedad y peso seco, y propiedades químicas como pH y fenoles totales. Los resultados de este estudio permitieron identificar pólenes monoflorales, biflorales y multiflorales en las distintas regiones y se logró demostrar que todos los pólenes se encuentran en el rango de pH entre 3,7 y 5,8, con humedades menores al 22% y con contenido de fenoles totales entre 2,1 ± 1mg GAE/g de polen y 8,1 ± 2,7 mg GAE /g de polen (*GAE: ácido gálico equivalente). Finalmente, la determinación de los parámetros físicos y químicos, junto con los orígenes botánicos identificados según la Norma Chilena (NCh 3255, 2011) permitieron diferenciar y valorizar los dieciséis pólenes provenientes de distintas zonas geográficas de Chile. Agradecimientos al apicultor Leonardo Badani de la empresa Polen de Monte Badani y Guevara Ltda. por su colaboración con las muestras de pólenes y al financiamiento del proyecto interno de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María PI-M-2020-30.

Palabras clave: polen de abeja; Apis mellifera; fenoles totales.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Navarro-Rodríguez et al. Palynological assemblage recovered from Apis mellifera honeys produced in Santa María Colotepec, Oaxaca coast, Mexico

Nancy Navarro-Rodríguez^a, Elia Ramírez-Arriaga^b, Carlos Sánchez-Hernández^a, Manuel Suárez Aviles^a, Oswaldo Tellez-Valdes^c, Margarita Reyes-Salas^d and Sonia Angeles-García^d

^a Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, México nannava@outlook.com; ^b Departamento de Paleontología, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México elia@unam.mx; ^c Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México; ^dDepartamento de Procesos Litosféricos, LANGEM (Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía), Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Mexico is recognized as the ninth largest honey producer in the world and the thirteenth largest exporter by the end of 2021. The different climatic conditions and botanical resources existing in a region determine the type of honey, as well as its physicochemical and organoleptic properties. The states of Yucatán, Campeche, Veracruz, Guerrero, Quintana Roo and Oaxaca are the main Apis mellifera´s honey, royal jelly, propolis and wax producing areas. The present work was carried out on the coast of Oaxaca, which belongs to the Pacific beekeeping region. It is important to point out that this beekeeping activity is carried out in 8 regions of Oaxaca, generating 4,150 tons of honey per year and placing the state in fifth place nationally. One of the main honey-producing areas in the state is the coastal region of Oaxaca, with the contribution of about 150 beekeepers, 32 of which belong to the organization "Mieles Mixtepec S.C. de R.L. de C.V.", and produce 250 tons of honey per year. As for the predominant vegetation type in the area, the original and secondary vegetation of the low deciduous forest, medium-sized forest, transition zones in the highest part of the pine-oak forest, as well as cultivated areas stand out. These statistics gave the guideline to carry out the present melisopalynological study, with the purpose of complementing the knowledge related to the honey palynological assemblages from the coast of Oaxaca, as well as to characterize them botanically. Thus, they can be typified as "monofloral" when one species dominates with a percentage ≥ 45% and "multifloral, mixed or polyfloral" when three or more species were present with percentages ≥10%. Multifloral honeys can also be classified as "bifloral" when two pollen types had secondary percentages, "oligofloral" when two or more taxa of a single botanical family dominated with secondary percentages of pollen, and "polyfloral" when three or more pollen types were recorded with secondary percentages. Sampling was conducted in the period November-December 2021 according to their apibotanical calendars established by beekeepers, collecting a total of 7 samples of A. mellifera from different apiaries in the municipality of Santa María Colotepec. A total of 250 ml of honey per sample was collected in sterile plastic bottles duly labeled. At the same time, some field observations were made on the flora, and some plants that the beekeepers suggest are the ones that favor production and are of greater importance to them were collected. The plants were determined and a reference collection was made. All honey and plant samples were chemically processed. In the case of honeys, 100 g of honey per sample were processed and the acetolysis technique of Erdtman (1960) was slightly modified by adding a Lycopodium clavatum tablet to obtain the absolute amount of pollen grains per gram of honey. The permanent slides with glycerin gelatin were registered and incorporated to the palynological collection of the Paleopalynology Laboratory: Paleopalynology and Actuopalynology, Institute of Geology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) under the direction of Ph.D. Elia Ramírez-Arriaga. Subsequently, the different pollen types of each sample were described and identified and 500 pollen grains were counted at random to establish the percentages of each taxon, as well as the honey characterization based on the pollen spectrum. In the 7 samples analyzed, 27 pollen types belonging to 11 families were identified, based on the study, 5 monofloral honeys of the Fabaceae family were characterized; 4 dominated by Mimosa (>45%) and one by Diphysa (>45%). Secondary pollen with a representativeness higher than 10% were Aeschynomene, Asteraceae, Gramineae and Calycophylum candidissimum. The diversity index (H') showed a range from 0.67 to 1.78, with a mean of 1.68. Uniformity index values (J') had a variability from 0.26 to 1.77, with a mean of 0.72 (Figure 1). Considering the absolute amount of pollen grains per gram of honey, all the samples belong to group I. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the information generated will be shared with each beekeeper, in order to improve the exploitation of plant resources (nectariferous, nectaropolyniferous and honeydew) and to be able to guarantee the quality of Oaxacan honey for national and international consumption.

Figure 1. A-B. Aeschynomene sp.; C. Diphysa sp.; D-F. Sapindaceae; G. Abutilon sp.; H-I. Caesalpinia pulcherrima; J-K. Coccoloba; L. Lonchocarpus sp. Graphs: The bar graph represents the total pollen counts; the pie chart includes the total taxa per family and the line graph shows the diversity (H') and evenness (J') indices in each sample.

Keywords: Melisopalynology, Oaxaca, Apis mellifera, honey characterization, palynoflora.

Navarro et al. Conjunto palinológico recuperado de mieles de Apis mellifera producidas en Santa María Colotepec, costa de Oaxaca, México.

Nancy Navarro-Rodríguez^a, Elia Ramírez-Arriaga^b, Carlos Sánchez-Hernández^a, Manuel Suárez Aviles^a, Oswaldo Tellez-Valdes^c, Margarita Reyes-Salas^d y Sonia Angeles-García^d

^a Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, México nannava@outlook.com; ^b Departamento de Paleontología, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México elia@unam.mx; ^c Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México; ^dDepartamento de Procesos Litosféricos, LANGEM (Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía), Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

México es reconocido como el noveno productor de miel a nivel mundial y décimo tercer exportador al cierre del 2021. Las diferentes condiciones climáticas y recursos botánicos existentes en una región determinan el tipo de miel, así como sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y organolépticas. Los estados de Yucatán, Campeche, Veracruz, Guerrero, Quintana Roo y Oaxaca constituyen las principales zonas de producción de miel, jalea real, propóleo y cera de Apis mellifera. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la costa de Oaxaca, perteneciente a la región apícola del Pacífico. Es importante destacar, que dicha actividad apícola se desarrolla en 8 regiones de Oaxaca, generando 4 mil 150 toneladas anuales de miel y posicionando al estado como el 5º lugar a nivel nacional. Una de las principales áreas productoras de miel a nivel estatal es la región costa de Oaxaca, con la participación de alrededor de 150 apicultores, de los cuales 32 pertenecen a la organización “Mieles Mixtepec S.C. de R.L. de C.V.” aportando 250 toneladas anuales. Con relación al tipo de vegetación predominante en la zona, destaca la vegetación original y secundaria de la selva baja caducifolia, selva mediana, zonas de transición en la parte más alta de bosque de pino-encino, así como áreas cultivadas. Dichas estadísticas dieron pauta para realizar el presente estudio melisopalinológico, con la finalidad de complementar el conocimiento relacionado con los conjuntos palinológicos recuperados de las mieles de la costa de Oaxaca, así como caracterizarlas botánicamente. Así, pueden ser tipificadas como "monoflorales" cuando domina una especie con porcentaje igual o mayor al 45% y "multiflorales, mixta o polifloral" cuando tres o más especies se presentaron con porcentajes iguales o mayores al 10%. Las mieles multiflorales pueden también ser catalogadas como "biflorales" cuando dos tipos de polen tuvieron porcentajes secundarios, "oligoflorales" cuando dominan dos o más taxa de una sola familia botánica con porcentajes secundarios de polen y "poliflorales" cuando tres o más tipos de polen se registraron con porcentajes secundarios. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en el periodo noviembre-diciembre, 2021 de acuerdo a sus calendarios apibotánicos que los apicultores establecen, recolectando un total de 7 muestras de A. mellifera de distintos apiarios en el municipio de Santa María Colotepec. Se colectaron 250 ml de miel por muestra en botes de plástico estériles debidamente etiquetados. Paralelamente se realizaron algunas observaciones de campo sobre la flora, además se colectaron algunas plantas que sugieren los apicultores son las que favorecen la producción y de mayor importancia para ellos. Las plantas fueron determinadas y se realizó una colección de referencia. Todas las muestras de miel y de plantas fueron procesadas químicamente. En el caso de las mieles, se procesaron 100 gr de miel por muestra y se realizó la técnica de acetólisis de Erdtman (1960) ligeramente modificada, agregando pastillas marcadoras de Lycopodium clavatum para obtener la cantidad absoluta de granos de polen por gramo de miel. Las laminillas permanentes elaboradas con gelatina glicerinada fueron registradas e incorporadas a la colección palinológica del Laboratorio de Paleopalinología: Paleopalinología y Actuopalinología, del Instituto de Geología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) bajo la dirección de la Dra. Elia Ramírez Arriaga. Posteriormente, se describieron e identificaron los distintos tipos polínicos de cada muestra y se realizaron conteos de 500 granos de polen al azar para establecer los porcentajes de cada taxón, así como la caracterización con base en el espectro polínico. En las 7 muestras analizadas se identificaron 27 tipos polínicos pertenecientes a 11 familias, en base al estudio se caracterizaron 5 mieles monoflorales de la familia Fabaceae; 4 dominadas por el género Mimosa (>45%) y una del género Diphysa (>45%). El polen secundarios con representatividad mayor al 10% se encuentran los géneros Aeschynomene, Asteraceae, Gramineae, Calycophylum candidissimum. Los índices de diversidad (H’) mostraron un rango de 0.67 a 1.78, con una media de 1.68. Los valores de uniformidad (J’) tuvieron una variabilidad de 0.26 a 1.77, con un promedio de 0.72. Considerando la cantidad absoluta de granos de polen por gramo de miel, todas las muestras pertenecen al grupo I. Es importante destacar que la información generada será compartida con cada apicultor, con la finalidad de llevar un proceso de mejora en la explotación de sus recursos vegetales (nectaríferos, nectaropoliníferos y de mielatos) y poder garantizar una miel de calidad oaxaqueña para su consumo nacional e internacional.

Figura 1. A-B. Aeschynomene sp.; C. Diphysa sp.; D-F. Sapindaceae; G. Abutilon sp.; H-I. Caesalpinia pulcherrima; J-K. Coccoloba; L. Lonchocarpus sp. Gráficos: El gráfico de barras representa los recuentos totales del polen; el gráfico circular incluye el total de taxones por familia y el gráfico lineal muestra los índices de diversidad (H') y equidad (J') en cada muestra.

Palabras claves: Melisopalinología, Oaxaca, Apis mellifera, caracterización de mieles, palinoflora.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Figure 1. Pollen grains recovered from honey samples produced in Veracruz, Mexico. A. Monofloral honey of Brassica, B. Oligofloral honey of Asteraceae, C. Multifloral honey (Quercus, Liquidambar, Hedyosmum mexicanum, Senna, Asteraceae), D. Coffea arabica, E. Oreopanax sp., F, M. Bursera simaruba, G-H. Citrus sinensis, I. Clethra sp., J. Liquidambar sp., K. Cordia alliodora, L. Brassica sp., N. Asteraceae

Keywords: melisopalynology, monofloral, oligofloral, multifloral, honey characterization.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Torres Meza et al. Palynological characterization of the tropical dry forest of northern Bolivar department, Colombia

J.D. Torres Meza^a, N.S. Culma Suarez^a, I.M. Castañeda Riascos^b, A. Echeverry Gómez^a

^aBolívar, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; ^bAntioquia, Freelance Palynology and Paleoecology, Medellín, Colombia

Palynology consist of the morphological study of pollen and spores (as well as their dispersion, preservation and applications) present in an ecosystem. Tropical dry forests, despite their category as a critically endangered ecosystem and with 4.5% of their plant species under some threat category, have been little studied with respect to their palynological flora. The objective of this project is the palinotaxonomic characterization of plant species present in the tropical dry forest of northern Bolivar department. The material analyzed in this study was collected in localities of Tierra Bomba, Barú and San Jacinto. As preliminary results of the collection, processing and mounting of samples, description of 42 species and 21 families was obtained; which are not reported in current palynological literature available for dry forest in the country; these are among others: 5 Acanthaceae, 2 Asteraceae, 2 Bignoniaceae, 1 Cactaceae, 2 Capparaceae, 2 Combretaceae, 2 Convolvulaceae, 1 Cordiaceae, 1 Ehretiaceae, 9 Fabaceae, 1 Gesneriaceae, 1 Lamiaceae, 1 Lecythidaceae, 3 Malvaceae, 3 Melastomataceae, 2 Myrtaceae, 1 Petiveriaceae, 1 Sapindaceae, 1 Scrophulariaceae, 1 Simaroubaceae, 1 Verbenaceae. We registered a great diversity and dominance at family level, highlighting Fabaceae and Acanthaceae.

Keywords: Tropical dry forest; palynology; colombian caribbean; palinotaxonomy; bees; honey.

Torres Meza et al. Caracterización palinológica del bosque seco tropical del norte del departamento de Bolívar, Colombia

J.D. Torres Meza^a, N.S. Culma Suárez^a, I.M. Castañeda Riascos^b, A. Echeverry Gómez^a

^aBolívar, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; ^bAntioquia, Freelance Palynology and Paleoecology, Medellín, Colombia

La palinología consiste en el estudio morfológico del polen y las esporas (así como su dispersión, preservación y aplicaciones) presentes en un ecosistema. Los bosques secos tropicales, a pesar de su categoría como ecosistema críticamente amenazado y con el 4.5% de sus especies vegetales bajo alguna categoría de amenaza, han sido poco estudiados respecto a su flora palinológica. El objetivo de este proyecto es la caracterización palinotaxónomica de las especies vegetales presentes en el bosque seco tropical del norte del departamento de Bolívar. El material analizado en este estudio fue colectado en localidades de Tierra Bomba, Barú y San Jacinto. Como resultados preliminares de la colecta, procesamiento y montaje de las muestras, se obtuvo la descripción de 42 especies y 21 familias, que no están reportadas en la literatura palinológica actual disponible para bosque seco en el país; entre ellas están: 5 Acanthaceae, 2 Asteraceae, 2 Bignoniaceae, 1 Cactaceae, 2 Capparaceae, 2 Combretaceae, 2 Convolvulaceae, 1 Cordiaceae, 1 Ehretiaceae, 9 Fabaceae, 1 Gesneriaceae, 1 Lamiaceae, 1 Lecythidaceae, 3 Malvaceae, 3 Melastomataceae, 2 Myrtaceae, 1 Petiveriaceae, 1 Sapindaceae, 1 Scrophulariaceae, 1 Simaroubaceae, 1 Verbenaceae. Se registra una gran diversidad y dominancia a nivel de familia; destacándose Fabaceae y Acanthaceae.

Palabras clave: Bosque seco tropical; palinología; caribe colombiano; palinotaxonomía; abejas; miel.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Torres Meza et al. Pollen spectrum of honey and pollen pots of 5 species of bees from the municipality of San Jacinto, Bolívar-Colombia

J.D. Torres Meza^a, N.S. Culma Suarez^a, I.M. Castañeda Riascos^b, A. Echeverry Gómez^a

^aBolívar, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; ^bAntioquia, Freelance Palynology and Paleoecology, Medellín, Colombia

Melissopalynology studies the geographical location and botanical origin of honey, based on the pollen spectrum. Pollination services associated with bees are unknown from Colombian tropical dry forest as much as the flora visited by them. Knowledge of the botanical origin of honey (provision ecosystem service), obtained from identification of palinomorphs found in it, allows establishing not only the relative contribution of different plant species, but also help increasing honey production through the cultivation of honey plants in the surroundings of apiaries. In this study, pollen spectrum of honey from 4 bee species (Tetragonisca angustula Illiger, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Frieseomelitta nigra Cresson and Scaptotrigona sp.) and 3 species of pot bees (Tetragonisca angustula Illiger, Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Nannotrigona sp.) was determined from the municipality of San Jacinto, Bolívar. The pollen spectrum identified in these samples corresponds to 22 palynomorphs distributed in 15 families. Families contributing to the greatest number of species were: Fabaceae, Moraceae, Asteraceae. Among nectariferous species we found: Coffea arabica L., Spondias sp., Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Sapium sp., Pithecellobium sp., Hypochaeris sp., Hyptis sp., Cordia sp., Trophis sp., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., Trichilia sp., Gouania sp., Mikania sp., Inga sp., Citrus sp. and Austroeupatorium sp. Among species that are not nectar producers we found: Acalypha sp., Poulsenia sp., Brosimum sp., Cecropia sp., Trema sp. and Piper sp. The results of this research will contribute to the identification of honey plants that are visited by bees that produce honey in the region; this information will give added value to the honey extracted and marketed by beekeepers and meliponiculturists in the area.

Keywords: Tropical dry forest; palynology; colombian Caribbean; palinotaxonomy; bees; honey.

Torres Meza et al. Espectro polínico de miel y potes de polen de 5 especies de abejas del municipio de San Jacinto, Bolívar-Colombia

J.D. Torres Meza^a, N.S. Culma Suárez^a, I.M. Castañeda Riascos^b and A. Echeverry Gómez^a

^aBolívar, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia; ^bAntioquia, Freelance Palynology and Paleoecology, Medellín, Colombia

La melisopalinología estudia la ubicación geográfica y origen botánico de las mieles, a partir del espectro polínico. De los bosques secos colombianos, se desconoce los servicios de polinización asociados a abejas, al igual que la flora que frecuentan. El conocimiento del origen botánico de la miel (servicio ecosistémico de provisión), logrado a partir de la identificación de los palinomorfos que se encuentran en ella, permite establecer no solo la contribución relativa de las diferentes especies vegetales, sino también a aumentar la producción de miel mediante el cultivo de plantas melíferas en los alrededores de los apiarios. En este estudio se determinó el espectro polínico de la miel de 4 especies de abejas (Tetragonisca angustula Illiger, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Frieseomelitta nigra Cresson y Scaptotrigona sp.) y 3 especies de potes de abejas (Tetragonisca angustula Illiger, Apis mellifera Linnaeus y Nannotrigona sp.) procedentes del municipio de San Jacinto, Bolívar. El espectro polínico identificado en estas muestras corresponde a 22 palinomorfos distribuidos en 15 familias. Las familias que aportaron el mayor número de especies fueron: Fabaceae, Moraceae, Asteraceae. Entre las especies nectaríferas encontramos: Coffea arabica L., Spondias sp., Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Sapium sp., Pithecellobium sp., Hypochaeris sp., Hyptis sp., Cordia sp., Trophis sp., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., Trichilia sp., Gouania sp., Mikania sp., Inga sp., Citrus sp. y Austroeupatorium sp. Entre las especies que no son productoras de néctar encontramos a: Acalypha sp., Poulsenia sp., Brosimum sp., Cecropia sp., Trema sp. y Piper sp. Los resultados de esta investigación contribuirán a la identificación de las plantas melíferas que son visitadas por las abejas productoras de miel de la región; dicha información le dará un valor agregado a la miel extraída y comercializada por los apicultores y meliponicultores de la zona.

Palabras clave: Melisopalinología; bosque seco tropical; caribe colombiano; abejas; miel.

TDate: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Gibson and Benison. The palynology of Mars analog acid saline lakes

M.E. Gibson^a and K.C. Benison^a

^aDepartment of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA

Permian red bed-hostel evaporites are regionally extensive in North America, occupying much of the surface and subsurface of the midcontinent region. In the southern USA these rocks are known as the Nippewalla Group (middle Permian, c. 270Ma), consisting of red bed siliciclastic siltstones and sandstones, bedded anhydrite, bedded halite, and minor grey siliciclastic laminated mudstones (Figure 1a, b). The evaporites were deposited in an unusual system of hypersaline ephemeral lakes and saline groundwater systems characterized by low pH, strong winds, and flooding-evapoconcentration-desiccation cycles.

Although high-fidelity data about the sedimentology, water chemistry, and paleotemperatures of these lake systems are known, little is known about the vegetation associated with these extreme equatorial Pangaean environments. Palynological study of the Nippewalla Group sediments from Oklahoma in the 1960-70s described sporomorph assemblages dominated by semi-xerophytic conifers, peltasperms and tree ferns as well as a subsidiary hygrophytic community of mosses, ferns, algae, lichens and fungi. Because of the presence of halite the depositional environment was interpreted as coastal marine however these studies did not consider non-marine evaporite formation, incentivizing a revised environmental reconstruction.

A paucity of well-preserved core through the Nippewalla Group and the dissolution of evaporites at outcrop has led to misinterpretations of the depositional environment, poor correlation with contemporary deposits in Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota and Northern Ireland, and a poor understanding of the vegetation. The Rebecca K Bounds (RKB) core (Figure 1a, b), at 99% complete, is an exceptionally stratigraphically complete and well-preserved core from Kansas. The targeted section of core is 700 ft of red siliclastics and bedded and displacive halite and gypsum belonging to the Nippewalla Group. Preliminary palynological study of the RKB bedded halite by examining thin sections has revealed excellent preservation of sporomorphs and plant cuticle as well as prokaryotes, algae, and organic compounds both within fluid inclusions and as solid inclusions. This suggests that the Nippewalla Group evaporites are a good trap for a variety or organic material and worthy of palynological study.

A 2-year study, funded by the Lindemann Trust, will assess the paleobotanical content of the Nippewalla Group evaporites to provide a new understanding of plant life in these warm, arid environments. The research will investigate: (1) How laterally extensive and long-lived were these extreme acid saline settings in Pangaea? (2) How might Pangaean extreme environments and climates have contributed to the end-Permian mass extinction? and (3) Can these rocks and their microfossil preservation inform us about how to best search for signs of life on Mars?

Sedimentological and mineralogical similarities between the Nippewalla Group and rocks on Mars (including Meridiani Planum, Gusev Crater, and Gale Crater) make these Permian red beds and evaporites the best-known terrestrial analogue for Martian sedimentary rocks. A better understanding of how the Nippewalla Group evaporites preserve a variety of environmental information will help inform the search for signs of life in extra-terrestrial evaporites.

Keywords: Permian; palynology; evaporites; Mars; astrobiology.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Martínez-Murcia et al. Palynology is now digital. Neotropical pollen collection is the first stage of a new era

J. Martínez-Murcia^{a, b}, C. Jaramillo^{a, c, d} , D. Caballero-Rodríguez^a

^aPanamá, Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales, Centro Tropical de Paleoecología y Arqueología, Cuidad de Panamá, Panamá; ^bCaldas, Universidad de Caldas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Estratigrafía. Manizales, Colombia; ^cMontpellier, Universidad de Montpellier, ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Francia; ^dSalamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Departamento de Geología, España.

STRI has the most complete collection of extant neotropical pollen in the world. Approximately 25.000 slides contain the pollen of 20.000 modern plant species collected by Professor Alan Graham. Information on each species is found on index cards including taxa name, family, the herbarium where it was collected from, how it was processed and additional information. Currently, this collection can only be used visiting the STRI Ancon facilities. However, we intend to revolutionize the traditional way that has been used for years in the study of pollen through the acquisition of high-resolution photographs, providing a digital tool that allows future students and researchers to access this information remotely even from their homes.

In the first stage of digitization, we transcribed the 25.000 index cards into a digital format. This process was done by the SI Transcription Center and its hundreds of volunteers. Each slide will have a QR code which generates a direct link to its metadata.

The next stage is the digitization of the pollen grains For this purpose are using three light microscopes (Zeiss y Nikon) with a motorized stage computer controlled and a Zeiss microscope which employs a technique based on confocal laser scanning microscopy Airyscan. 20 grains per slide will be digitized using an objective of 63 X (NA 1.4) and between 80 - 140 focal planes per grain will be taken in three different techniques including bright light, differential interference contrast and confocal Airyscan. Selected grains will be digitized using Confocal AIRYSCAN. This technology uses fluorescence spectral lines with different wavelengths allowing a resolution of 120 nm, reaching a higher resolution compared to traditional brigth field microscopy.

The last stage for the management and visualization of the digitized material is the use of software called OMERO (open microscopy environment). This is a open source free software developed in Europe and used across many institutions in the world.

We believe that this type of collections should be used right now, in a simple way and easily accessible from anywhere in the world. additionally, the glycerin mounting method favors a high decay rate, therefore it is necessary to digitize it as soon as possible.

These images will be used as a training center for a neural network to help in the process of identifying the morphological characteristics of each pollen grain using artificial intelligence. Although it represents an arduous task, the digital world is a reality and palynology must be a tool that is not excluded from this technological advance.

Fig. 1. Passiflora cumbalensis. Zeiss LSM 980

Palabras clave: collection, neotropical, pollen, digital, revolutionize.

Date: August / Agosto 8

Time: 16:40-18:10

Andrade and Gasparino. Pollen morphology in ornamental species of the genera Aeschynanthus, Columnea, Nematanthus, Sinningia and Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae)

J.B. Andrade^a and E.C. Gasparino^a

^aDepartment of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), ZIP 14883-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil

Ornamental species are cultivated due to beauty of their flowers and leaves, this species are different from native species mainly in the flowering, shape and color of the flowers and leaves, which are normally structures with more vibrant colors than the native ones. The size and habitat of ornamental plants are much variable, from lawns, aquatic environment plants or even large trees. The number of families that contain ornamental purpose is enormous, and one of them is the Gesneriaceae. This family is widely distributed mainly in tropical regions and has 160 genera and 3,600 species, many of which have great potential for ornamental use or are already considered as such. Being the genera Episcia Mart., Columnea L., Sinningia Ness., Streptocarpus Lindl., Aeschynanthus Jack., Codonanthe (Mart.) Hanst, Gloxinia L'Hérit, Nematanthus Schrad. and Nautilocalyx Linden well known by groups that sell ornamental plants. The present study had as objective the pollen morphology characterization of 11 ornamental species of Gesneriaceae: Aeschynanthus (one species, A. pulcher (Blume) G. Don. known as “columéia batom”), Columnea (two species, C. spp. - “columéia” and C. hirta - “columnea maravilhosa”), Nematanthus (one species, N. wettsteiini (Fritsch) H.E. Moore - “peixinho, columéia-peixinho”), Sinningia (one species, S. speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern. - “gloxinia”) and Streptocarpus (six species, St. ionantha H. Wendl. - “african violets”). The pollen material was obtained from flowers shops, collected, herborized and deposited in an herbarium. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured (n = 25), and photographed under light microscopy. Qualitative data were described for the definition of pollen types and quantitative data were analyzed with statistical treatment appropriate to the size of the samples. The pollen grains presented in monads, isopolar, small, small to medium and medium with circular to subcircular amb, subprolate, prolate, and spheroidal prolate shape, 3-colporate, narrow and long to very long colpi, very small to small polar area, endoapertures circular to lolongate, exine very thin to thick, microreticulate (in Aeschynanthus pulcher, Columnea spp., Columnea hirta and Sinningia speciosa), reticulate (in Streptocarpus ionantha) and reticulate in the mesocolpus and microreticulate in the apocolpus in pollen grains Nematanthus wettsteiini; sexine thicker than nexine. Despite the similarity of the morphopollinic characteristics observed in the analyzed species, it is noticed that the ornamentation pattern of the exine of the pollen grains allows the distinction of the species of the studied genera.

Keywords: acetolysis; cultivated plants; flowers; palynology; pollen grains.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Bellonzi and Gasparino. Preliminary qualitative pollen grains data from the clade “Paradrymonia alliance” and Nautilocalyx Linden ex Hanst. (Gesneriaceae)

T.K. Bellonzi^a and E.C. Gasparino^b

^aDepartment of Biology, University of São Paulo (USP), ZIP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil; ^bDepartment of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), ZIP 14883-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil.

Columneinae is the largest and most diverse subtribe of Gesnerieae. Historically, many genera of Columneinae have been characterized by synapomorphies or by a combination of simpleiomorphic characters. Consequently, this generated the formation of unnatural groups like “Paradrymonia alliance” clade, requiring further studies on the morphological and molecular characteristics of the representatives of the subtribe. The aim of the present study is characterized and described the pollen morphology of the “Paradrymonia alliance” clade, to search for pollen data that characterize the subclades and including the paraphyletic genus Nautilocalyx Linden ex Hanst. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured and photographed under light microscopy. The preliminary results of the 12 species analyzed so far demonstrate the pollen grains are monads, ispolar, medium to large, with small variation of amb (circular, subcircular, circular-lobate or subtriangular), small to very large polar area, with shape variation (suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, subprolate or prolate) even within the same sample. Tricolporate aperture, circulaperturate or fossoaperturate; wide to narrow, short to long ectoaperture, with margo, sometimes the ectoaperture are so long that they are found to form structures similar to syncolpores, rounded or tapered ends, ectoaperture membrane ornamented, circular or lolongate endoapertures, exine semitectate with microreticulate or microreticulate-reticulate ornamentation (with differentiation of apocolpus and mesocolpus), sexine is thicker than nexine The previous results demonstrate a diversity of pollen grains of “Paradrymonia alliance” clade, which certainly helps and support the new taxonomic changes in the clade. The results also confirm Columneinae (Gesneriaceae) as eurypalynous.

Keywords: Central American, Chrysothemis, Columneinae, Palynotaxonomy, pollen types.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Boler et al. Stones Field well WR 508 #1, Gulf of Mexico palynology: a Momipites-dominated environment for this deepwater Wilcox Group

Gunner Boler^1,2, Vann Smith^1,2 and Sophie Warny^1,2

¹Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States; ²Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States.

Palynological analyses of Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene drill cutting samples from the deepwater Wilcox Group in the northern Gulf of Mexico has yielded mainly low diversity terrestrial assemblages dominated by triporate pollen referable to the Betulaceae/ Myricaceae and fossil pollen presumed to be of Juglandaceous affinity. The 69 drill cutting samples were recovered from Walker Ridge (WR) 508 #1 in the Stones field, with a measured depth ranging from 8,056 to 8,723 m. Age control has been provided by publicly available Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) biostratigraphic reports. Plant and fungal spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, and other palynomorphs have been identified and imaged using light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and differential interference contrast microscopy. Key pollen taxa recovered in addition to the Betulaceae/Myricaceae types, are from the Juglandaceae and Taxodiaceae families. Biostratigraphically useful species include Momipites waltmenensis, Momipites wyomingensis, Momipites coryloides, Momipites ventifluminis, Momipites leffingwellii, and Momipites annellus. Key in situ dinoflagellate cysts recovered include Spiniferites sp., Operculodinium spp., Polysphaeridium spp., Heteraulacacysta c.f. campanula, and Lingulodinium machaerophorum. Palynological concentrations in specimens/gram are calculated using Lycopodium markers. Concentrations are generally low throughout the section analyzed so far, with terrestrial palynomorphs more common than marine dinoflagellates, suggesting a high depositional rate diluting the marine organic fraction in turbidity currents. Reworked Mesozoic-age dinoflagellate cysts are frequent in some of the intervals sampled. This abundance of reworked specimens is complicating the palynological and biostratigraphic evaluation as care must be taken to use only in situ taxa to reconstruct paleo sea-surface conditions and environment. This deepwater record will be correlated to previously published palynological assemblages from coeval onshore outcrops.

Keywords: Paleocene; Eocene; Gulf of Mexico; pollen; dinoflagellate; Wilcox

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Costa et al. Data analysis of pollen pain and atmospheric transport: Study of the pattern for the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park

A.S. Costa ^{a, c}; A.L.V. Bitencourt ^b and N.M.E. Rosário ^c

^{a, b} Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Department Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; ^c Climate and Air Pollution Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Department. Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.

Studies of modern pollen rainfall constitute an important tool to determine the relationships between pollen grains, vegetation, geographic area and dispersion, associated with the atmospheric transport of pollen grains. They allow marking current environmental parameters as proxy data for paleoenvironmental reconstitution studies. Pollen rain data are still scarce in Brazil, a large part of the studies carried out in the domains of the Atlantic Forest, the Amazon Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga, contributes with data for the diversity of the neotropical palynoflora. Other studies aim to correlate the occurrence of different taxa with the landscape, and most of them indicate that there is a very close spatial correspondence between them. However, in some modern pollen rain from southern and southeastern Brazil, the presence of pollen grains from the Betulaceae family is evident, whose source area is the Andean region. The occurrence of pollen grains of the Betulaceae family is also verified in studies of paleoenvironmental reconstitution of the Quaternary, in core samples, demonstrating a pattern of dispersion by currents of long distances throughout the period until the present day. The present study aims to characterize the patterns of occurrence of pollen grains in relation to the vegetational context and atmospheric currents, aiming to provide complementary data to the study of pollen dispersion at local and regional scales. This work presents partial data on pollen rain, collected in the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park (PEFI), a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in the southern metropolitan region of São Paulo. Four Old Field artificial pollen traps were installed in the PEFI during the spring-summer of 2008/2009 and the autumn-winter of 2009. The areas of insertion of collectors present a phyto physiognomy with different successional stages, in which P1 corresponds to the open area anthropized, with plantation of Pau-Brazil; P2 and P3 vegetated area with woodland and underwood and in P4 with the most preserved forest vegetation. Pollen analyzes are being carried out according to criteria established in the literature and neotropical pollen catalogs. The retro-trajectory analysis of the air masses that reached the atmospheric column of the study site, at different altimetric levels (4000, 2500, 1500, 500 m), were based on the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model. As partial results, the following stand out: P1 (spring-summer and autumn-winter), the highest incidence of non-arboreal pollen grains (Poaceae and Arecaceae), corresponding to the dominant vegetation around the collector. P2 (spring-summer) had the highest incidence of arboreal pollen grains (Euphorbiaceae and Melastomataceae), native representatives of the Atlantic Forest, in addition to Pinaceae, a family introduced in the local vegetation, and Betulaceae (Betula L.), of Andean origin. The study reveals two contexts so far: 1) a close correspondence between the vegetation around the collectors and the local atmospheric currents, in which in P1 there is a predominance of non-arboreal pollen grains and in P2 there is a predominance of arboreal pollen grains and; 2) a remote vegetation source area and long-distance atmospheric currents, departing from different regions of South America, transporting pollen grain from the Betulaceae family to the park. Thus, from the integrated analysis of pollen rain data and atmospheric data, it is intended to develop a conceptual model in order to describe the main patterns of palynomorph dispersion in relation to vegetation source areas and local and regional atmospheric circulation currents.

Keywords Pollen rain, dispersion, neotropical region, atmospheric currents.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Dutra et al. Pollen morphology in Dryades Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani, a new genera of Rutaceae, and related species

F.V. Dutra^a, M. Groppo^aand E.C. Gasparino^b

^aDepartment of Biology, University of São Paulo (USP), ZIP 14040- 901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil; ^bDepartment of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), ZIP 14883-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil.

Rutaceae is positioned in Sapindales with approximataly 2040 species in 150-170 genera, and two subfamilies, Cneroideae and Rutoideae, the latter being composed of two subtribes, Pilocarpinae and Galipeinae. Galipeinae species have particular morphological characteristics such as predominantly zygomorphic flowers with more or less tubular corolla and reduced number of fertile stamens. In this subtribe Conchocarpus J.C.Mikan is the one with the highest number of species and it is circumscribed by a combination of character states, that is, without exclusive characteristics, which makes it a polymorphic genus and yours species were closer to species from other genera, such as Andreodoxa Kallunki, Angostura A.St.-Hil. and Erythrochiton Nees &Mart., than to each other. A recent study using diferent data proposed a new genus Dryades Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani, formed by some species of Conchocarpus. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the pollen morphology of Dryades species and phylogenetically related species, in order to present data that can corroborate this new position of the five species of Conchocarpus to a new genus. The pollen grains of 12 species were studied (Andreodoxa flava, Angostura bracteata, Conchocarpus macrophyllus [Conchocarpus sensu stricto], Dryades concinna, D. cyrtantha, D. gaudichaudiana, D. insignis, Erythrochiton brasiliensis, Galipea jasminiflora, Galipea laxiflora, Rauia nodosa and Rauia resinosa). The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, described qualitatively, and illustrated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the pollen grains of phylogenetically close species differ mainly in terms of shape, number and type of apertures and ornamentation. Dryades species are more similar to Conchocarpus sensu stricto species than to nearby genera. The pollen grains of Dryades species are monads, isopolar, medium (Dryades concinna) to large, subcircular or subtriangular amb (D. gaudichaudiana), small (D. concinna), large or very large (D. gaudichaudiana) polar area, prolate or subprolate (D. insignis), 3- colporate, long or very long (D. gaudichaudiana) and narrow colpi, lalongate endoapertures and microreticulate (D. cyrtantha) or reticulate exine.

Keywords: palynology, palynotaxonomy, pollen grains.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Lopes and Gasparino. Palynotaxonomy of Columnea L. (Gesneriaceae)

A.C.V.Lopes^a and E.C.Gasparino^b

^aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy. Sciences and Letters, Graduate Program on Comparative Biology. University of São Paulo (USP), ZIP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil; ^bDepartment of Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Morphology and Palynology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), ZIP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Gesneriaceae is composed of 3500 species recently classified in the Euasterid group I, in Lamiales. Although the species of the family has a worldwide distribution, the center of diversity is from Colombia to Ecuador, the Central American region and southeastern Brazil. This study aimed to contribute to the pollen morphological characterization of the species, identifying pollen data that can help in the taxonomy and expanding the knowledge about the pollen diversity of the genus studied. The analyzed species are: Columnea crassa C.V.Morton, Columnea dictyophylla Donn.Sm., Columnea domingensis (Urb.) BDMorley., Columnea ericae Mansf., Columnea linearis Oerst., Columnea picta H.Karst. and Columnea schiedeana Schltdl.. Pollen materials were collected at the Herbarium of São Paulo (SP), São Paulo, Brazil. The pollen grains were acetolized, measured and photo digitized later. Qualitative data were described. We observed pollen grains in monads, isopolar, medium to large, with subcircular, subtriangular, and hexagonal amb, planoperturate or angulaperturate, 3-colpate or 3-colporate, wide or long colpi with margo, lolongate endoaperture, microreticulate or reticulate ornamentation, ornate colpi membrane, nexine thicker than sexine. The results obtained allow us to differentiate the species analyzed by the pollen characteristics. The pollen diversity found in the species analyzed so far allows classifying Columnea as eurypalynous, confirming the morphological diversity of the Columneinae subtribe.

Keywords: Columneinae; eurypalynous; pollen grains.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Pereira et al. Modern Pollen rain at different altimetric levels in seasonal extremes of the southern portion of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil: evaluation and proposal of a dispersion model

C.H.B, Pereira ^a,c, A.L.V Bitencourt ^b and N.M.E. Rosario ^c

^{a, b} Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Department Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil; ^c Climate and Air Pollution Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Department. Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil

The present study aim to analyze the modern pollen rain from a vertical profile of 30 m above the ground, in order to verify the pollen contribution of a fragment of Atlantic forest (São Paulo, Brazil), in relation to local and remote vegetation sources, considering the seasonal climatic conditions (winter and summer) and the transport mechanisms that influence the dispersion and deposition of pollen grains in the vertical profile. Regarding the remote transport, there is a special interest in the deposition of pollen grains of the Betulaceae family in the region, being of Andean origin and characteristic of the neotropical mountain flora, adopted as a marker of altitude. Previous studies indicate the presence of pollen grains of the genera Betula L. and Alnus Mill. in the region. The first one originates mainly in the southern portion of South America and the second along the Andes, which may be related to different long-distance transport patterns. In addition to the spatio-temporal dynamics of the emitting sources, altimetry profiling aims to understand how the deposition of pollen grains takes place at different altimetric levels in response to climatic seasonality, with summer being characterized by more unstable atmospheric conditions (convection) and abundant rainfall as opposed to winter when more stable conditions and less rainfall prevail. The samples were collected with "Oldfield" type artificial traps at three altimetric levels (surface, 15 m and 30 m) from the RADAR tower of Parque Cientec (IAG-USP), located in the Fontes do Ipiranga-PEFI State Park, in the southern portion of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, in the period of one year, between the winter of 2017 and the autumn of 2018. The processing of the samples was carried out at the Laboratory of Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology of UNIFESP. Seasonal climate and local transport characterization will be carried out using data from the Meteorological Station of the IAG-USP, and the evaluation of long-distance air currents will be based on the analysis of retro-trajectory of the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model-HYSPLIT. The integrated analyzes of the data will allow to propose a model of local and regional pollen grain dispersion, considering the source areas of the vegetational domains, near and remote atmospheric currents, will provide important information for the study of the Quaternary.

Keywords: Pollen rain; altimetric profiling; model dispersion; neotropical region.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Sousa and Gasparino. Previous pollen data of Ornamental Brazilian Plants

A.P. Sousa^a and E.C. Gasparino^b

^a Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), ZIP 14883-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil.^bDepartment, University, City, Country

Ornamental plants are widely appreciated and cultivated as an ornament in landscape sectors because they are generally species that present intense, attractive and exotic flowers, thus making them widely used in landscaping in large urban centers as in gardens, public spaces and residential areas. These are plants that present a great diversity of floral visitors, which use the resources present in the flowers to obtain substances that will be used in food, with the bee being one of the main pollinating agents responsible for this process, making use of nectar for energy demand and pollen for protein, and it can also carry out fertilization and guarantee the reproduction of plant species, contributing to an increase in the genetic variability of plants. The aim of the present study is to characterize the pollen morphology of ornamental Brazilian plants: Angelonia angustifolia (white and purple), Pentas lanceolata (pink and red) and Lysimachia congestiflora, belonging to the respective families of Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae and Rubiaceae. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, and later measured (n = 25) and photographed with the aid of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative data will be used to describe pollen types and qualitative data will be statistically analyzed in an appropriate way for the sample size. The results of the five species analyzed showed that the pollen grains are considered monads, isopolar, small to medium in size, with a small variation of amb (subtriangular, circular or subcircular), a very small polar area, subprolate or spheroidal prolate shape, 3-colporate with narrow colpi. They present very long apertures and lalongate or lolongate endoapertures. The exine is semitectate, reticulate, with variations between extra thin, very thin and thin; sexine thicker than the nexine.

Keywords:floral resources, floral visitors, landscaping, ornamental plants, pollen types.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10

Souza et al. Palynotaxonomy in species of Trichosporeae (Didymocarpoideae, Gesneriaceae)

C.N. Souza^a, A.O. Araujo^b and E.C. Gasparino^a

^a Department of Biology, Laboratory of Plant Morphology and Palynology, São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Zip code 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; ^b Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Center for Human and Biological Sciences, Zip code 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.

Trichosporeae (Didymocarpoideae, Gesneriaceae) comprises 10 subtribes, 71 genera and 2400 species, distributed in Europe through Africa and S and SE Asia to the Pacific. This large tribe is considered the most complex in terms of its taxonomic classification among the Gesneriaceae. In this way, the present study aimed to analyze and describe the main characters of taxonomic value of pollen grains of 15 taxa representing four subtribes of Trichosporeae, namely: Ramondinae (Ramonda myconi (L.) Rchb. and Ramonda nathaliae Pinc & Petrov.), Streptocarpinae (Streptocarpus caulescens Vatke, Streptocarpus gardenii Hook., Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh., Streptocarpus kirkii Hook.f., Streptocarpus saxorum Engl. and Streptocarpus variabilis Humbert), Loxocarpinae (Boea hygroscopica F.Muell.) and Didymocarpinae (Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook., Aeschynanthus tricolor Hook., Cyrtandra lagunae Kraenzl., Deinostigma tamiana (B.L.Burtt) D.J.Middleton & H.J.Atkins, Didymocarpus cinereus D. Don and Primulina flavimaculata (W.T.Wang) Mich.Möller & A.Weber). The pollen material was obtained from specimens deposited in herbaria G and Z and from species cultivated in the Botanical Garden of Geneva, Switzerland and Greenhouse of Sítio Primavera, Brazil. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured and photographed under light microscopy. The sexine sculpture and exine structure of some species were electrographed and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Structural and ultrastructural qualitative data of pollen grains were described. The species analyzed present pollen grains in monads; isopolar; small or small to medium (in Streptocarpus saxorum); amb circular, subcircular, subtriangular, triangular or quadrangular (or triangular, in Streptocarpus variabilis); polar area very small, small or large; shape suboblate, oblate spheroidal, prolate spheroidal and subprolate; 3-colporate, 3(4)- colporate (in Primulina flavimaculata) or 4(3)-colporate (in Streptocarpus variabilis), ectoaperture angulaperturate ou fossaperturate (in Ramonda nathaliae), colpi short, long or very long, narrows, ends of colpi rounded or tapered, absence of membrane ornamented in species of Ramonda (Ramondinae), with margo, endoaperture circular (in Streptocarpus caulenses and S. ionanthus subsp. Grotei), lalongate (in Ramonda myconi) or lolongate (other species); exine tectate perforate (in Boea hygroscopica), nanoverrucate-nanoechinate (in Deinostigma tamiana), semitectate reticulate (in Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei and Aeschynanthus tricolor), semitectate microreticulate (in species of Ramonda, Streptocarpus caulensis, S. kirkii, S. saxorum and S. variabilis, Aeschynanthus speciosus, Cyrtandra lagunae, Didymocarpus cinereus and Primulina flavimaculata) and microreticulate-scabrate (in Streptocarpus gardenii); exine thin, tectum discontinuous and wavy as thick as nexine in Deinostigma tamiana, sexine thicker than nexine. Therefore, the pollen characters of Trichosporeae species show differences, mainly in relation to the amb, shape, number of apertures and exine ornamentation. Thus, our data indicate Trichosporeae as eurypalynous.

Keywords: Didymocarpinae; Loxocarpinae; palynology; pollen grains; Ramondinae; Streptocarpinae.

Date: August / Agosto 9

Time: 16:40-18:10