Ashir Naeem , Kwok King Hin Edison, Lam Ho Fung Jamie
What is conversational analysis? Conversational Analysis (CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction that explicitly investigates the mechanisms by which humans achieve mutual understanding.
Hand gestures, intonations, other verbal, and non-verbal characteristics are the primary focus of CA in everyday situations.
There are various sub-topics that can be discussed in this chapter, such as Turn-taking, Overlap and Repair, Attributable silence, Backchannel signals, Sequencing and Adjacency Pairs, and Interactional Competence. After discussion, we have decided to focus on the following sub-topics Attributable silence, Overlap and Repair, Backchannel signals, and Sequencing and Adjacency Pairs.
Silence in a conversation sometimes might result in awkwardness. Yet, it is often useful when using it in the right situations. And backchannel signals would help listeners to show their engagement in the conversations. At start, I will discuss what is attributable to silence and backchannel signals, and elaboration of the above sub-topic. Next, the importance and significance of the above sub-topic will be discovered. Finally, examples for explaining the above phenomenon will be presented to clarify the above sub-topic.
Section A - Figure 1 - AI Generated Image
In conversation analysis, attributable silence means a long pause in speech that has specific meaning. This silence can be attributed to a specific aspect of the conversation taking place, such as a reply of something offensive, an expression of disagreement or disapproval, a moment of reflection or intentionally refuse to speak as it shows in the AI generated image below where the man froze after his failed attempt to flirt his encounter who just put on a straight face the whole time.
Attributable silences are important in conversational analysis because they can convey a variety of meanings and operate differently during the interaction.
They can specify the speaker's emotional state, resistance, or the need for another speaker to take turns participating in the conversation. Attributable silences can also amplify strain or be a sign to change topics.
By examining the context, duration, and placement of attributable silences, conversational analysts can learn more about the dynamics, power dynamics, and interpersonal relationships within the lines. They are useful to find the nature of the message that is hidden by the talker.
In the analysis of conversations, a backchannel signal is identified by language and non-verbal signals which listeners use to indicate whether they are involved, understanding or agreement in conversation. These signals are generally brief and serve to deliver feedback, as well as show support for the speaker. Backchannel signals can be "mm-hmm," "uh-huh," "yeah," head movements, hand gestures, smiles, eye contact. In the image below, the woman is smiling at her friend to show that she is attentive in the conversation.
Backchannel signal plays an essential role in keeping the conversation flowing and coherent. They imply that the listener's paying attention and is encouraging the speaker to continue. These signals also show that listeners listen to the conversation, understand others’ messages, and provide social support.
It must be noted that the signal from back channels may differ depending on culture and context. However, some cultures encourage the frequent use of backchannel signals to show commitment, while others may see such signals as interruptions or distractions. Cultural and situational factors need therefore to be considered in order to interpret back-channel signals.
Section A - Figure 2 - AI Generated Image
Attributable silence means deliberate and purposeful silence used by speakers in the course of a conversation, which is called attributable silence or pregnant pause. This method involves an intentional pause between or immediately after giving a message, and it can exert some influence on the dynamics of conversation.
Video of the left is a clip from Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver in 1976 where Travis and Betsy having a conversation in a cafe. In the video clip, attributable silence were used in different occasion. After Betsy get the “organised” jokes, Travis paused. This pause allows Travis to switch the topic since he thinks the conversation needs to move on. And it also allows Travis to have time to think of new topics.
Another scene is Travis thinks Palatine is not respectful towards Betsy as Travis wants to protect her from Palatine. Yet, Betsy replied “I’ve never meet anyone like you.” The silence afterwards allows Travis reflects on what have gone wrong from what he said. Also, it puts Betsy in a more powerful position.
Attributable silence can be used in different situations according to the conditions, the aim of the talker, and the listeners’ understanding.
These are examples of the effect of attributable silence from figure 3. First, by pausing in a conversation, it can allow speakers to put the emphasis to the prior sentences and allow listeners to load the previous information they have received.
Next, you can invite responses from the listeners using pauses in a conversation. It allows speakers to hint that he/she is waiting for any responses. By doing so, it can create a more interactive conversation.
Then, with leaving enough time in a conversation, it allows listeners to reflect after receiving information and then generate a response. Speakers can use this opportunity to provoke the minds of the listeners in the discussions. and create time for speakers to answer those responses from the listeners.
Last, for strategic reasons, silence can also be used in conversation to alter the dynamics of power. The speaker may maintain control or create a feeling of discomfort by slowing down. In fact, after demanding pressure on another party or giving an impression of confidence and authority, the speaker could be using silence in negotiations.
It has to be noted that the effect of attributable silence is dependent on a number of factors, including culture norms, relationships among those who take part in it and general societal context. The silence may be interpreted and responded to in various ways by different people. It is therefore vital that speakers consider the possible impact and adapt their use of attributable silence in such a way as to minimize its effect.
Section A - Figure 3 - AI Generated Image
From figure 3, there is a father and his son who tried to have a conversation after causing an accident by the son.
Father: Do you know what went wrong? (pause) You should be goddamn waiting for me.
This is Emphasis.
Son: I am in a rush, Dad.
Father: What is your excuse for being late then? (pause) Tell me!
Son: I… ummm…
This is Inviting a Response.
Father: You have grown up now. I don’t want to do something embarrassing to you (pause) but don’t try this anymore.
This is Allowing Reflection.
Son: All you wanna do is to control me! (Pause)
This is Power Dynamic.
With explaining what exactly backchannel signal is, here are some examples of using backchannel signals.
The video on the left is I Set Up A Fake Interview With KSI by Callux. This scene particularly shown the use of Verbal Backchannel Signals and Non-verbal Backchannel Signals.
In the video clip, the examples of Verbal Backcahnnel Signals are below.
KSI, "I WOULD BE INTERESTED TO SPEAK TO MICHAEL JACKSON."
INTERVIEWER, "YEAH. GREAT!"
KSI, "Childish Gambino"
INTERVIEWER, "YEAH!"
KSI, "AND ALSO, TYLER THE CREATOR."
INTERVIEWER, "YEAH GREAT!"
These “yeah”, “great” allow the interviewer to maintain the flow of the whole interview and not making the interviewee to dominate the whole interview.
And then, these are the Non-verbal Backchannel Signals examples.
INTERVIEWER: SO, ANOTHER
CHRISTMAS WITHOUT THE FAMILY, YEAH?
KSI: (LAUGH)
This laugh by KSI shows the understanding and agreement. He admits that he got trolled in the process and acknowledged the interviewer that he has done a sick job.
From Figure 4, Ariana Grande and Mac Miller are having their drinks in a bar after finishing the world tour. Here is their conversation.
Mac: Hey! After all this year, you still look stunning!
Ariana: mm-hmm!
Mac: You know what? I said it from the start, you are just like an angel.
Ariana: Really?
These are the use of Verbal Backchannel Signals.
Mac: You wanna know something?
Ariana:(lean forwards and nodding) Yeah?
Mac: Do you know what’s on the menu? Me n u.
Ariana: (Smiling, making eye contact with Mac)
These are examples of Non-verbal Backchannel Signals.
From the above situations, it shows the different use of backchannel signals with verbal and non-verbal backchannel signals. It is crucial to bear in mind that the use or interpretation of back-channel signals can differentiate between cultures and individuals. Different cultures may have specific verbal or nonverbal signals that serve as a backchannel signal, and individual personalities can choose their own ways of expressing themselves. For that reason, analysis and interpretation of backchannel signals must consider the cultural context and its own dynamics.
Section A - Figure 4 - AI Generated Image
Conversation is sequentially organized. Exploring the order and organization of different actions or sequences within conversations, including the ways in which particular actions are linked together and the impact of their placement on meaning and interactional outcomes. To begin with, I will discuss the meaning of Sequencing and Adjacency Pairs in conversation analysis and elaborate as much as I can. Then, I will talk about why this is necessary in a conversation. Finally, I will show some examples to provide further clarification. Turn-taking falls in the category of sequencing as well. I will also talk about it in my sharing.
In everyday conversation, the concept of sequencing must be understood by oneself, and must be appropriately used in order to convey messages in an organized and coherent way.
If a person does not understand the rules of sequencing, he/she cannot participate properly in a conversation. There are certain rules an individual must follow in order to converse, for example, when to talk/reply, and what/how to respond.
In conversations, a plethora of sequences can happen. For example, insertion sequences, adjacency pairs, repair sequences, and pre-sequences. With the help of these sequences, an effective and meaningful conversation can take place as all the individuals involved will coordinate appropriately and will reach an insightful conclusion in the end. They will not just say random words, nor will abruptly interrupt each other.
Section B - Figure 5 - AI Generated Image
As can be seen from figure 5, the speech bubbles indicate that the 3 individuals are following the set of rules involved in sequencing and therefore, are having a meaningful discussion. They know when to initiate, respond to, and transition between different speech acts.
The video on the right is the Presidential Debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump in 2020.
In the video, we have seen that when Joe Biden was trying to answer the question, Donald Trump kept interrupting him despite this question not being an open-for-all question.
Donald Trump did not follow the turn-taking principle. Therefore, Joe Biden had to ask him to shut up to continue talking without interruptions.
Adjacency pairs are a fundamental concept of conversation analysis which refers to a specific type of sequential structure. As mentioned previously, in order to achieve a coherent and meaningful conversation, every participant must know about the adjacency pairs and appropriately use them, for example, after participant A stopped talking, it is participant B’s turn to respond. Thus, these pairs are considered to be sequential and mutually dependent.
From Figure 6, we can see two people talking with each other. The person on the left is Michael Schmidt. The person on the right is William Afton. The following is their conversation.
Michael: “Hello, how are you?”
William: “Not good. What about you?”
This is a Greeting-Greeting Pair.
Michael: “Did you enjoy the movie?”
William: “Yes, it was awesome.”
This is a Question-Answer Pair.
William: “Would you like to go to Freddy Fazbear’s with us?”
Michael: “Definitely, I’d love to.”
This is an Invitation-Acceptance Pair.
William: “Can you show me the photo in your hand, please?”
Michael: (Shows the picture.)
This is a Request-Compliance Pair.
What we have analyzed from the above conversation is that the Second Pair Part’s response is designed to match the expected pattern set by the First Pair Part. If the replies were different from what was being asked, then it will lead to a conversational breakdown. Therefore, adjacency pairs play a crucial role in maintaining the coherence and structure of conversations.
Section B - Figure 6 - AI Generated Image
This is the conversation between Batman and Joker in Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight (2008).
In the conversation between Joker and Batman, we can see that proper and coherent questions were formulated by batman, and joker also replied by paying attention to the sentence order, and not just said random words.
In the same conversation, we can deduce that appropriate adjacency pairs were used. For example, the Question-Answer pair and the Request-Compliance pair(RCP). The RCP was used when Joker requested batman to not be like one of those people standing outside, to which Batman agreed.
Both sequencing and adjacency pairs are crucial in order to have a stable and coherent conversation. In terms of providing a systematic framework, it is paramount to understand the structure and organization. The points below justify their importance:
1. Structure and Coherence:
A conversation’s underlying structure can be determined via sequencing and adjacency. These indicate the organization and ordering of turns, thereby generating a coherent flow of interaction. Analyzing sequencing allows researchers to identify regular patterns and rules that govern conversational structure, allowing for a deeper understanding of how conversations unfold.
2. Turn-Taking and Interactional Organization: Sequencing and adjacency pairs play a crucial role in turn-taking, which is the process of participants taking turns in a conversation. They provide a framework for understanding how participants transition between turns and respond to each other's contributions. In order to analyze the mechanisms and rules that govern the smooth exchange of turns between participants, researchers turn to adjacency pairs via examining them.
3. Social Action and Interactional Goals:
Requests, greetings, offers, and apologies are the common features that feature in adjacency pairs. Researchers look into sequencing and response patterns of these pairs to gain insight into the ways participants accomplish specific social actions and reach their goals of communication within interaction.
Section B - Figure 7 - AI Generated Image
From Figure 7, we can see that two cavemen are chatting with each other. Both of them are talking at the same time, not following the set of rules of a conversation, and one can imagine that they are nowhere near each other in terms of the context of their conversation. Therefore, it is extremely important for us to learn sequencing and adjacency pairs, or we will be like cavemen during social interaction.
Above, I have shared some examples of sequencing and adjacency pairs in conversation analysis. Here are some more examples.
From Figure 8, we can see a couple chatting with each other. The following is their conversation.
Husband: Offers a packet of chips, “Would you like to have some?”
Wife: Accepts and replies, “Yes, please. Thank you very much.”
This is an Offer-Acceptance Pair.
Husband: “I am extremely sorry for arriving late today. There were too many files to complete.”
Wife: Accepts the apology, “It’s totally fine. I am just glad that you are still cheerful after such a long day.”
This is an Apology-Acceptance Pair.
Wife: “Would you like to play croquet with my friends and their husbands?”
Husband: “I would love to, but Tom will be there, and I do not want to meet him. Sorry, I won’t go.”
This is an Invitation-Decline Pair.
From the above examples, we can see that the adjacency pairs consist of FPP that start a speech act, and then SPP replies or completes the action. A sequential and interdependent structure is formed, when the second turn in each pair is functionally related to the first turn.
The above examples also illustrate the importance of sequencing and adjacency pairs in conversations, as without it, a proper conversation cannot take place, and the purpose of the conversation will not be achieved.
Section B - Figure 8 - AI Generated Image
Overlapping means two people trying to speak at the same time in a conversation. Repair would occur while there’s an overlap in turn taking in a conversation. To begin with, I will discuss the meaning of overlapping and repair in conversation analysis and elaborate. Then, I will talk about why this is so important in a conversation. Finally, I will show some examples regarding this subtopic.
When two or more individuals talk at the same time, with one individual beginning before the previous individual finishes talking, it is called overlapping. Overlapping can have many variations/ formations. The length of overlapping varies.
Section C - Figure 9 - AI Generated Image
From figure 9, we can see 3 individuals talking at the same time, which is an example of overlap. You can see that one still hasn’t finished talking.
Overlap is a noteworthy area of study in conversation analysis.
Overlap is a crucial focus of investigation in conversation analysis as it offers valuable insights into the dynamics of interaction during communication. It unveils the ways in which participants negotiate and handle their speaking turns, emphasizing the cooperative essence of conversation. By showcasing that conversations are not merely a series of independent turns, but instead involve intricate and dynamic interactions between speakers, overlap serves as a testament to the complexity of conversational dynamics.
By engaging in the analysis of overlap, researchers can explore multiple dimensions of conversation, encompassing practices related to turn-taking, the distribution of speaking opportunities, and the coordination of contributions. This analytical approach aids in the identification of patterns and norms governing the navigation of overlapping speech by participants, shedding light on the initiation and resolution of overlaps within the conversational context.
Overlap fulfills diverse functions within a conversation, reflecting a range of intentions and attitudes. It can serve as a signal of enthusiasm, engagement, or eagerness to contribute, underscoring active participation in the ongoing interaction. Additionally, overlap can convey disagreement, competition for the floor, or endeavors to assert dominance within the conversation.
Overall, overlap in conversation analysis is a phenomenon that captures the simultaneous speech of participants, offering valuable insights into the interactive and dynamic nature of spoken interactions. It serves as a window into the complexities of conversation, revealing how participants navigate turn-taking, coordinate contributions, and negotiate meaning. By studying overlap, researchers gain a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics that shape and enrich the fabric of spoken communication.
In the field of conversation analysis, repair pertains to the process by which participants in a conversation acknowledge and rectify communication problems or misunderstandings that occur during interaction. It encompasses the identification and resolution of breakdowns in understanding, guaranteeing the restoration of communication and the preservation of coherence.
Repair manifests in diverse forms and can be initiated by either the speaker who generated the problematic utterance (self-repair) or by another participant in the conversation (other-initiated repair).
Self-repair occurs when a speaker acknowledges an error or ambiguity in their own speech and takes corrective action. This may involve repeating or revising their previous utterance to offer a clearer or more accurate version. For instance, if a speaker becomes aware of a misspoken word or an incorrect choice of words, they may promptly self-repair by rectifying their statement.
Other-initiated repair takes place when a listener or another participant in the conversation identifies a problem or possible misunderstanding and endeavors to seek clarification or correction. This can manifest through explicit requests for repetition or clarification, such as asking, "Sorry, can you repeat that?" It can also be conveyed through subtle cues like puzzled looks or seeking confirmation by posing questions such as, "Did you mean...?" These actions aim to address the detected issue and ensure accurate understanding within the ongoing conversation.
The process of repair encompasses a sequence of actions, starting with the identification and acknowledgment of a problem, followed by the initiation of repair, the provision of a corrected or clarified version, and finally, the acknowledgment or acceptance of the repair by the participants engaged in the conversation. Repair sequences can exhibit varying lengths and levels of complexity, contingent upon the nature of the problem and the strategies employed to achieve resolution.
Repair plays a vital role in upholding coherence and understanding in conversation. It empowers participants to address communication breakdowns and rectify misunderstandings, thus ensuring the accurate transmission of intended meaning. Furthermore, repair exemplifies the collaborative and cooperative essence of conversation, as participants collaborate to overcome obstacles and sustain effective communication.
Through the examination of repair in conversation analysis, researchers acquire valuable insights into how participants effectively manage and navigate communication difficulties. They gain understanding of the strategies employed to resolve problems, and they explore the impact of repair on the overall dynamics of interaction. This analysis provides a deeper comprehension of the intricate processes involved in repairing breakdowns and highlights the significance of repair in facilitating smooth and meaningful communication between participants.
Section C - Figure 10 - AI Generated Image
In Figure 10, we can see 2 people having a conversation while one is addressing and correcting the communication. This is an example of repair.
Here are some examples of overlapping in conversation analysis.
Section C - Figure 11 - AI Generated Image
From Figure 11, we can see two individuals are talking with each other. The person on the left is (Princess) Anna. The person on the right is (Queen) Elsa. The following are their conversations:
Simultaneous speech overlap:
Speaker A (Anna): "Elsa, we should go to Arendelle and build snowmen."
Speaker B (Elsa): "I was thinking of going up North to meet the Northuldras...”
In this example, Anna and Elsa engage in simultaneous speech overlap as they both express their suggestions for an activity. The overlapping speech occurs when Anna starts suggesting going to Arendelle and building snowmen while Elsa simultaneously suggests going up North to meet the Northuldras. This simultaneous overlap reflects their eagerness to contribute to the conversation and share their ideas at the same time.
From Figure 12, we can see two individuals talking with each other. The person on the left is (Princess)Anna. The person on the right is (Queen) Elsa. And the one in the middle is Olaf. The following are their conversations:
Overlapping for completion:
Speaker A (Anna): "I can't find my favorite book anywhere. It's called 'The Adventures of...'"
Speaker B (Elsa): "Homeward Bound! I borrowed it and left it on your desk."
In this example, Anna begins to mention the title of her favorite book but gets interrupted by Elsa's overlapping speech. Elsa completes Anna's sentence by providing the missing title, which is "Homeward Bound" The overlap serves the purpose of completion, as Elsa anticipates Anna's intended statement and contributes the missing information. This cooperative overlap helps Anna in finding her book by providing the necessary details.
Section C - Figure 12 - AI Generated Image
Backchanneling overlap:
Speaker A (Anna): "I had such a wonderful day at the Arendelle carnival!"
Speaker B (Elsa): "Oh, I know! The sleigh rides were incredible!"
Speaker C (Olaf): "Yeah, and the popcorn was delicious!"
In this example, Anna shares her experience of having a great day at the carnival. Elsa responds with a backchanneling overlap by expressing agreement and enthusiasm, acknowledging Anna's statement, and reinforcing her positive sentiment. Olaf further contributes to the backchanneling overlap by adding his own comment, creating a brief moment of simultaneous overlapping speech. This backchanneling overlap demonstrates active participation and engagement among the speakers, showing their shared excitement about the Arendelle carnival experience.
Competitive overlap:
Speaker A (Anna): "I think we should go with the blue color scheme for the party decorations."
Speaker B (Elsa): "Actually, I prefer the silver color scheme. It would create a more elegant atmosphere."
In this example, Anna and Elsa engage in competitive overlap as they express contrasting opinions about the choice of color scheme for a party. Anna suggests the blue color scheme, but Elsa immediately interrupts with her own preference for the silver color scheme. Their overlapping speech reflects a moment of competition for asserting their ideas and influencing the decision. This competitive overlap showcases their differing viewpoints and their willingness to assert themselves in the conversation.
Collaborative overlap:
Speaker A (Anna): "I think we should plan a surprise party for Kristoff's birthday."
Speaker B (Elsa): "That's a great idea! We can invite all his friends and family."
In this example, Anna suggests planning a surprise party for Kristoff's birthday. Instead of interrupting or competing with Anna's idea, Elsa engages in collaborative overlap by building upon Anna's suggestion. She expresses agreement and adds to the conversation by suggesting inviting all of Kristoff's friends and family to make the party more inclusive and special. This collaborative overlap demonstrates the cooperative nature of their conversation, where speakers work together to enhance and expand upon each other's contributions, ultimately leading to a more comprehensive and enjoyable discussion.
Overlap for emphasis or agreement:
Speaker A (Anna): "I cannot believe how beautiful the Northern Lights are!"
Speaker B (Elsa): "They are absolutely breathtaking!"
In this example, Anna expresses her awe and admiration for the Northern Lights. Elsa responds with overlap for emphasis and agreement, reiterating Anna's sentiment and emphasizing her agreement by stating that the Northern Lights are indeed breathtaking. This overlapping speech serves to underscore their shared enthusiasm and reinforces their agreement on the magnificence of the Northern Lights.
Here are some examples of using repair in conversational analysis:
Section C - Figure 13 - AI Generated Image
From Figure 13, we can see two individuals are talking with each other. The person on the left is (Deadpool) Wade Wilson. The person on the right is (Wolverine) James Howlett. The following are their conversations:
Request for clarification:
Speaker A (Wade): "I think we should meet at the X mansion around 5 o'clock."
Speaker B (James): "Which X mansion are you referring to?"
In this example, Wade suggests meeting at the X mansion around 5 o'clock. James responds with a request for clarification, seeking more specific information about which X mansion Wade is referring to. James's question serves to clarify the location and ensure a clear understanding of the plan. This request for clarification demonstrates James's intention to gather necessary information for effective communication and coordination.
Repetition:
Speaker A (Wade): "I went to that new bar downtown last night, and the food was amazing."
Speaker B (James): "Sorry, could you repeat the name of the restaurant?"
In this example, Wade mentions going to a new bar downtown and praises the food. James, however, requests repetition by asking Wade to repeat the name of the bar. James's request for repetition indicates that he missed or didn't catch the name initially and seeks to clarify and gather the necessary information. This request for repetition allows James to better engage in the conversation and follow up with relevant comments or questions about the bar.
Paraphrasing:
Speaker A (Wade): "I'm planning a trip to Europe next month. I want to visit France, Italy, and Spain."
Speaker B (James): "So, you're saying you're going to travel to several countries in Europe including France, Italy, and Spain?"
In this example, Wade mentions his plan to travel to Europe and visit France, Italy, and Spain. James responds by paraphrasing, summarizing Wade's statement by restating it in his own words. James's paraphrasing serves to confirm his understanding of Wade's plan and to ensure that he has accurately captured the intended meaning. This paraphrasing technique helps to establish clear communication and minimizes the risk of misunderstandings.
Repair Initiations:
Speaker A (Wade): "I heard the movie starts at 6:30, so let's meet at the theater by 6."
Speaker B (James): "Wait, I just checked the showtimes online, and it actually starts at 7:30. Let's meet around 7 instead."
In this example, Wade suggests meeting at the theater by 6 based on what he heard about the movie's start time. However, James initiates a repair by contradicting the information and providing updated details from his online research. James proposes meeting around 7 instead, aligning the meeting time with the corrected showtime. This repair initiation by James addresses the initial misinformation and ensures accurate planning for their movie outing.
Self-correction:
Speaker A (Wade) to Speaker B (James): "I'm really excited about the X-Men meeting tomorrow at 8… uhhh …I mean 7PM"
In this example, Wade initially states that the concert starts at 8 PM. However, he quickly self-corrects his statement.
This self-correction demonstrates Wade's willingness to rectify his initial error and ensure accurate information is conveyed in the conversation.
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1. What is the primary focus of conversational analysis?
a) Understanding the structure of conversations
b) Analyzing the content of conversations
c) Examining the psychological states of individuals
d) Investigating the historical context of conversations
(Key: A)
2. Which of the following is a key concept in conversational analysis?
a) Turn-taking
b) Nonverbal communication
c) Linguistic diversity
d) Social media interactions
(Key: A)
3. What is the main goal of conversational analysis?
a) Understanding the psychological states of individuals
b) Analyzing the content of conversations
c) Investigating the historical context of conversations
d) Examining the structure and organization of conversations
(Key: D)
4. Conversational analysis primarily focuses on:
a) Written communication
b) Spoken communication
c) Nonverbal communication
d) Digital communication
(Key: B)
5. Which of the following is an example of a repair sequence in conversation?
a) Repeating a word for emphasis
b) Correcting a grammatical error
c) Changing the topic abruptly
d) Interrupting someone while they are speaking
(Key: B)
6. What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where speakers use nonverbal cues to signal their intent to speak?
a) Overlapping speech
b) Backchanneling
c) Turn-taking
d) Repair sequence
(Key: B)
7. Conversational analysis can be applied to:
a) Face-to-face conversations only
b) Written communication only
c) Both face-to-face and written communication
d) Digital communication only
(Key: C)
8. The concept of "repair" in conversation analysis refers to:
a) Fixing broken communication devices
b) Correcting mistakes or misunderstandings in conversation
c) Ending a conversation abruptly
d) Analyzing the historical context of conversations
(Key: B)
9. Repair sequences in conversation involve:
a) Correcting grammatical errors
b) Changing the topic abruptly
c) Interrupting someone while they are speaking
d) Using nonverbal cues to signal understanding
(Key: A)
10. Backchanneling cues in conversation are used to:
a) Show agreement or understanding
b) Disrupt the flow of conversation
c) Change the topic
d) Express disagreement
(Key: A)