Supports the idea that reality is subjective, and that there are multiple realities
The researcher quotes based on the actual words of the participants.
The researcher presents different perspectives from the participants.
The researcher reports the varying experiences of the participants.
Promotes the immersion of the researchers with the participants to get firsthand information through experience
The researcher eliminates the distance from the participants.
The researcher joins and participates or acts as an "insider" in the field where the participants live and work.
The researcher values the importance of understanding; thus, they spend enough time to accurately understand the participants and their situations.
Recognizes the presence of value and biases in the study by making them explicit
The researcher acknowledges the presence of values, intuition, and biases, and makes them explicit in the study.
The researcher "position themselves" in the study.
The researcher includes their interpretation in conjunction with the participant's interpretation.
Promotes an engaging, narrative-like, and informal style of writing
The researcher makes use of a personal or literary form of writing
The researcher writes in first-person point-of-view.
The researcher utilizes qualitative terms (e.g. credibility, understanding & meaning) instead of quantitative terms (e.g. external validity & objectivity).
Follows specific to general logic, that is the inductive approach.
The study is shaped by the researcher's experience in data collection and analysis and makes sure that the processes are consistent with the research problem.
The researcher works on the specifics before coming up with a general conclusion.
The researcher changes the research questions that sees fit with the research problem.
The researcher modifies the processes in line with the changes in research questions.