Metodologi

Waktu Penelitian

Waktu penelitian adalah waktu yang digunakan mulai dari persiapan penelitian sampai selesai pengumpulan data di lapangan. Jika sesi waktu penelitian dimaksudkan untuk maksud lain, maksud tersebut perlu dinarasikan dengan jelas.  

Tempat Penelitian

Tempat penelitian harus dideskripsikan dengan jelas sehingga pembaca bisa menentukan dengan persis dimana penelitian itu dilaksanakan. Tempat penelitian sering diekspresikan dalam nama desa, kecamatan, kabupaten, dan provinsi yang disertai dengan titik koordinat yang menjadi pusat gravitasi dari lokasi penelitian.  Untuk kepentingan pembaca yang lebih luas, tempat penelitian sering disertai dengan gambar (ilustrasi atau sketsa peta) yang memuat titik dimana lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan.

Bahan dan Alat

Bahan dan alat utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian yang digunakan langsung dalam pengamatan atau pengukuran saat melakukan penelitian. Bahan dan alat terkait logistik penelitian tidak perlu dicantumkan (makanan, peralatan berkemah, alat tulis menulis, kendaraan, dlsb)

Metode

Metode penelitian mencakup (1) rancangan penarikan contoh (sampling) dan tata letak di lapangan termasuk intensitas sampling (berapa banyak unit sampling yang akan diamati), (2) variabel pengamatan yang mengulas secara jelas apa yang diukur dan direkam saat melakukan pengamatan termasuk kriteria dan proses pengukuran atau pengamatan jika diperlukan. 

Ada metode yang memiliki nama standar tetapi metode tidak harus memiliki nama standar. Metode harus dideskripsikan dengan jelas agar pembaca mengerti dan bisa mengulangi penelitian yang sama. 

Metode sampling di lapangan bisa berbentuk plot, transek, atau titik yang ditentukan secara sistematik, acak, mengikuti kriteria tertentu atau kombinasi dari tiga pendekatan ini.

Metode sampling di laboratorium (atau dalam lingkungan terkendali) umumnya menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, Rancangan Acak Kelompok, atau rancangan stnadar lainnya.

Metode wawancara bisa dilakukan menggunakan responden perorangan maupun kelompok target (FGD).

Dalam hal pengamatan memerlukan tahapan pengukuran yang kompleks, tata urutan prosedur pengamatan perlu dikemukakan dalam sesi metodologi

Dalam Metode Penelitian bisa ditampilkan sketsa atau peta yang menunjukkan sebaran unit-unit pengamatan di lokasi penelitian. 

Analisis Data

Sesi Analisis Data berisi proses dan hasil pengolahan data dan alat yang digunakan untuk melakukan analisis.

Alat yang umum digunakan untuk mengolah data adalah statistika yang sering diberi label analisis statistik sederhana dan analisis statitik perbandingan, analisis regresi, dan bentuk anlisis lainnya.

Hasil analisis statistik sederhana biasanya dipresentasikan dalam bentuk tabel atau gambar yang memuat unsur: jumlah, maximum, minimum, dan rata-rata yang dilengkapi dengan simpangan baku (standar deviasi) atau selang kepercayaan. 

Hasil analisis statistik perbandingan biasanya dipresentasikan dalam bentuk tabel sebagai hasil dari Uji t, Sidik Ragam (ANOVA), Analisis Co-Varian (ANCOVA), dan bentuk analisis lainnya yang sama dengan itu. 

Hasil analisis regresi dan korelasi biasanya dipresentasikan dalam bentuk persamaan, indeks korelasi, dan gambar. Analisis regresi bisa bersifat linier dan non-linier.

Alat analisis data bisa juga dalam bentuk deskriptif dari hasil perhitungan rumus-rumus tertentu. Persamaan yang umum digunakan adalah Indeks Dominansi (termasuk dalamnya Indeks Nilai Penting), Indeks Keanekaragaman (Simpson Index, Shannon-Wiener Index, dan Evenness Index), Indeks Kesamaan Komunitas, Indeks Distribusi, dan lain sebagainya.

Analisis data yang paling umum digunakan dalam penelitian mahasiswa

1. Analisis Statistik Deskriptif Sederhana

   1. Mencari nilai rata-rata, jumlah total, minimum, maksimum

   2. Mencari nilai rata-rata dan kisaran pada error 5% (Nilai P ≤ 0.05)

2. Keanekaragaman Hayati (level komunitas)

   1. Indeks Kekayaan Jenis (S). Yang dibahas: Jumlah jenis. jenis apa (termasuk famili sampai ordo), peran ekologis, sebaran dan keunikan, status kelangkaan (IUCN), status perlindungan (P.106/2018), dan status perdagangan (CITES).

   2. Indeks Shannon-Wiener (H')

   3. Evennes Indeks (E) = H'/Hmax.

   4. Indeks Dominan Odum (D)

3. Struktur dan Komposisi (level komunitas)

   1. Urutan Dominansi Jenis. Diukur dengan Kerapatan, Basal Area, Frekuensi ditemukan dan kombinasi ketiganya dalam bentuk Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) atau Sum of Dominance Ratio (SDR)

   2. Pola Dominansi Jenis. Diukur dari bentuk grafik

4. Kesamaan Komunitas (level komunitas)

   1. Indeks Kesamaan Komunitas diukur dengan 

   2. Analisis Kluster

5. Wawancara. Questionair mencakup:

   1. Karakteristik Responden (Nama, Umur, Pekerjaan, Pendidikan, dst.)

   2. Cakupan penelitian

      1. Pemahaman terhadap isu yang diteliti (5-10 pertanyaan)

      2. Persepsi terhadap isu yang diteliti (5-10 pertanyaan)

      3. Persetujuan atau dukungan (5-10 pertanyaan)

Referensi untuk Metode atau Pendekatan Penelitian

1. Transek vs Plot

2. Visual Participatory Methods

3. Daya Dukung Lingkungan

4. Sistem Informasi Geografi

5. Perilaku Satwa

6. Wawancara [Biggs dkk. 2021, Tarling 2014]

7. Purposive Sampling

8. Analisis Cluster

Referensi untuk Analisis Data

1. Analisis Statistik Deskriptif Sederhana [Zar 2014]

2. Analisis Statistik lainnya (Uji-t, ANOVA, Regresi, Chi Square, dll  [Zar 2014]

Referensi Penting

1. Andrade, C.. 2020. The Inconvenient Truth About Convenience and Purposive Samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43:1  [web] [DOI]

2. Biggs, R., A. de Vos, R. Preiser, H. Clements, K. Maciejewski and M. Schlüter. 2021. The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems. Routledge. London. [PDF]

3. Tarling, R. 2014. Managing Social Research A Practical Guide. Routledge. London. [DOI] 

4. Zar, J.H.. 2014. Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Education Ltd.. Harlow, England. [PDF]

Literatur Metodologi Penelitian

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