Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism

Environmental justice is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies (USEPA, 2017).

Environmental racism involves the disproportionate effects of environmental hazards, such as air pollution or toxins in water, onto minority group neighborhoods, primarily low socioeconomic and BIPOC communities, that lead to lower health outcomes. Examples of policies that have perpetuated environmental racism are the past discriminatory housing practices resulted in areas that have been redlined having higher rates of respiratory diseases due to increase exposure of air pollutants.

Health inequities

Health inequities are differences in health outcomes due to systematic practices in institutions that causes the difference in access to healthcare and quality health care among people of a different social class, race and gender. Patient's social conditions, doctor's own biases, myth about black patients’ physical traits and medical characteristics, etc are examples of factors that contributed to health inequities

Pandemics

COVID-19, or coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing viral pandemic since December 2019 when it was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has since spread globally, with 34.8 million reported infected cases and over 1 million deaths (World Health Organization). Older adults and people with underlying medical conditions are more at risk to complications when contracting this virus, young people can also carry and spread it (CDC, 2020).

COVID-19 is often comparable to the 1918 Spanish Flu in both media and academia as they share somewhat similar mortality rate in the US of around 2% and are both considered "novel". However, it is important to note the historical context of these two different pandemics. First of all, 1918 Spanish Flu happened in the midst of a war where soldiers are constantly travelling, spreading the virus globally. The lack of proper hygiene practices during that time is said to be one of the leading causes as well. In 2019, although clean water and soap is still not fully accessible to everyone in the world, there is still a significant increase in technology and better hygiene practices. Other than that, we're also collecting more data on how the pandemic is affecting different groups of people, and evidence shows that minority groups are disproportionately affected by it.

What's the connection here?

The lack of an environmental justice approach to policies and laws is contributing to systemic health disparities among marginalized communities, causing underlying medical conditions that makes them more susceptible to infectious diseases such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Minneapolis

"Line 3 pipeline protest stops in Southwest" by Nate Gotlieb, Southwest Journal, October 3, 2020

"In MN, enforcement of pollution laws goes on — with a few exceptions" by Kirsti Marohn, MPR News, April 14 ,2020

"COVID-19 in greater Minnesota: A thread connects the disease, race and affordable housing" by Stephanie Devitt, Star Tribune, July 21, 2020

"How race shaped America's roadways and cities" by Ashish Valentine, MPR News, July 5, 2020

"Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through" by Lauren Sommer, NPR, June 18, 2020

Atlanta

PSC debates focus on Plant Vogtle, pandemic-driven suspension of service disconnections by Dave Williams, Capitol News Beat Services, October 14, 2020

Tech Hosts Global Climate Action Symposium by Victor Rogers, Georgia Tech News Center, September 30, 2020

Above the Waterline: The convergence of the civil rights and environmental justice movements by Sally Bethea, Atlanta In Town, July 2, 2020

In south DeKalb, Black neighborhoods fight ‘environmental racism’ by J.D. Capelouto, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 28, 2020

Washington D.C.

"Bridging the Water Access Gap Through COVID-19 Relief" by EJ4All, August 5, 2020

Over 100 Groups Oppose Democrats’ Energy Bill as Insufficient by Food and Water Watch, September 23, 2020

Black Activist Slams "One-Sided" Environmental Justice Policies by Deb Nicolson Patch, October 15, 2020

The geography of environmental toxins in the District of Columbia by Emilia Calma, D.C. Policy Center, October 14, 2020

Center for Equity, Justice, Xavier University of Louisiana, cejhs@xula.edu. The Center for Equity, Justice and the Human Spirit at Xavier University of Louisiana was founded in August 2018 as a vital space for scholarly research and community-driven systems change. The first of its kind at an HBCU, the Center develops programming to shift oppressive policies and practices in the fields of education, criminal justice, and environmental sustainability. The Center honors the faith and principles of Xavier’s foundress, St. Katharine Drexel, to utilize the university as a place to uplift the human spirit and advance the creation of a more just and equitable society through shared learning and education. https://xula.edu/centerforequityjustice.

School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, sph-ask@umn.edu. Since 1944, SPH has prepared some of the most influential leaders in the field and has transformed the way public health is practiced around the globe. https://www.sph.umn.edu.

Center for Culture, History, and Environment (CHE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, che@nelson.wisc.edu. The Center for Culture, History, and Environment (CHE) is at the forefront of some of the most exciting humanities and social science scholarship focusing on the entangled histories of nature and culture. CHE members seek to understand how knowledge, beliefs, political economy, and culture have shaped, and been shaped by, the environment .https://che.nelson.wisc.edu.

Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS), University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, jhoutz@uw.edu. The University of Washington Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences (DEOHS) works to create healthy, safe and sustainable communities by providing outstanding education to students and working professionals. https://deohs.washington.edu/our-mission-vision-and-values.

The Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, environment@brown.edu. Climate change and conflict, hurricanes and drought, extinction and poverty – these threats know no borders. Our fragile planet and its vulnerable peoples are at risk. This time of unprecedented challenge requires bold solutions and innovative thinking.https://www.brown.edu/academics/institute-environment-society/about-institute.

CLINICS & EXTERNSHIPS: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND JUSTICE CLINIC, Golden State University, hkang@ggu.edu. Founded in 1994 in consultation with community leaders, the Environmental Law and Justice Clinic serves as a training ground for the next generation of social justice advocates and provides critical legal services to underserved communities in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond. https://law.ggu.edu/academics/clinics/environmental-law-and-justice/.

Center for Climate Health and the Global Environment (C-CHANGE), Harvard Chan. Our mission is to increase public awareness of the health impacts of climate change and use science to make it personal, actionable, and urgent. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/.

Northeastern Environmental Justice Research Collaborative (NEJRC), Northeastern University, d.faber@neu.edu. The Northeastern Environmental Justice Research Collaborative (NEJRC) is a multidisciplinary research collaborative made up of scholars engaged in political ecology and environmental justice initiatives. https://web.northeastern.edu/nejrc/who-we-are/about/.

CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS & SOCIAL JUSTICE, illinois Wesleyan University. The Center for Human Rights and Social Justice is committed to creating a campus community that together works to address human rights and social justice concerns. https://www.iwu.edu/human-rights/.

The Community Engagement, Environmental Justice, and Health (CEEJH) Laboratory, University of Maryland, School of Public Health, https://www.ceejhlab.org/who-we-are-1. The CEEJH Laboratory was founded by Dr. Sacoby Wilson, associate professor in the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, in the Fall 2011. CEEJH’s primary focus is to provide engagement to highly and differentially exposed populations and underserved communities. https://www.ceejhlab.org/who-we-are-1

CENTER FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL REFORM, CUNY School of Law Social Justice Initiative. The Center for Urban Environmental Reform (CUER) is a Social Justice Initiative of the City University of New York School of Law. CUER was founded on the belief that environmental justice is a critical aspect of social justice and that communities are entitled to participate fully and meaningfully in environmental decisions that affect them. https://cuer.law.cuny.edu/?page_id=70.

WashU Environmental Justice Initiative, Washington University in St. Louis, sustainability@wustl.edu. The most vulnerable in society regularly struggle for access to a clean, safe, and healthy environment. The St. Louis region is home to some of the most egregious social and environmental disparities in the nation. “Environmental justice” represents one term used to describe a movement to help ensure a better, more sustainable quality of life for the present and future generations in a just and equitable manner. https://sustainability.wustl.edu/collaborations/washu-environmental-justice-initiative/.

Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, info.yse@yale.edu. Yale’s School of the Environment aspires to lead the world toward a sustainable future with cutting-edge research, teaching, and public engagement on society’s evolving and urgent environmental challenges. https://environment.yale.edu/about/mission/.

Center For Health and Environmental Justice Records, Tufts University,tss@tufts.edu. The Center for Health, Environment and Justice was founded in 1981 by Lois Marie Gibbs. The organization grew out of Gibbs’ experience organizing her community in Love Canal, New York and began as an information clearinghouse for environmental health issues and developed into an organization that focuses on raising awareness for environmental health concerns and assisting communities, organizations and individuals faced with environmental threats. https://access.tufts.edu/center-health-and-environmental-justice-records.

Environmental Justice Lab, Duke Nicholas Institute, nicholasinstitute@duke.edu. With the Human Rights Center at the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, the State Policy Program has initiated three environmental justice research community-building projects. The first brings environmental justice experts to Duke to present research in progress and is intended to build momentum for the second project, an interdisciplinary workshop on environmental justice to address three questions:https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/project/environmental-justice-lab.

Environmental Justice and Human Rights, Duke Human Rights Center, dhrc.fhi@duke.edu. The Duke Human Rights Center @ the Franklin Humanities Institute brings together an interdisciplinary group of scholars, staff and students to promote new understandings of and action on human rights. We engage with issues of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, income inequality, the environment, the philosophy and history of human rights, the literature that emerges alongside it, linguistic rights, and artistic responses in our research, teaching, programming and outreach. https://humanrights.fhi.duke.edu/who-we-are/mission-statement/.

Student Environmental Resource Center, University of California, Berkeley, serc@berkeley.edu. The Student Environmental Resource Center was envisioned in 2012 by UC Berkeley students who, inspired by campus centers such as the Multicultural Community Center (MCC) and the Gender Equity Resource Center (GenEq), determined the need for a campus center for the student environmental and sustainability community. SERC student leaders received initial advising and financial support from The Green Initiative Fund (TGIF) when they won a 2012 TGIF grant. October 2012, SERC opened its first temporary space in the Martin Luther King Jr. Student Union building, thanks to the generosity of the Cal Student Store. https://serc.berkeley.edu/history/.

INSTITUTE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY, UCLA, hello@ioes.ucla.edu. The Institute of the Environment and Sustainability moves science to action on the front lines of environmental progress. Using Los Angeles and California as a testbed, IoES promises solutions for the broader world—and our commitment to communications makes sure our ideas are heard. https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/mission/.

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CLINIC, Vermont School of Law. The Environmental Justice (EJ) Clinic at VLS is one of just a few law school clinics in the United States specifically devoted to environmental justice, an interdisciplinary practice at the intersection of civil rights and the environment. https://www.vermontlaw.edu/ej-clinic.

Center for EcoJustice, Iliff School of Theology, admissions@iliff.edu. The Iliff Center for EcoJustice is committed to education, advocacy, and scholarship in the area of environmental justice. The Center stands at the intersection of marginalized communities and our changing planet to address the most serious issues facing each. We take a multi-faith approach to understanding and diminishing the effects of environmental racism. https://www.iliff.edu/centerforecojustice/.

Center for Regional Change, UC Davis, crcinfo@ucdavis.edu. The idea for the UC Davis Center for Regional Change arose in a dialogue between the faculty in Community Development and Environmental Design/Landscape Architecture as a model of cross-departmental collaboration. https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/articles/environmental-justice.

Environmental Justice Clinic, University of Miami School of Law, afleming@law.miami.edu. The Environmental Justice Clinic (EJC) advocates for and empowers marginalized communities by combining civil rights, environmental, poverty, and public health law with community lawyering principles. We address practices stemming from systemic inequality and promote policy solutions to achieve structural change. https://www.law.miami.edu/academics/clinics/environmental-justice-clinic.

The Center for Environmental Equity and Justice (CEEJ), Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, ceej@famu.edu. The Center for Environmental Equity and Justice is an information resource center to increase the community, faith-based organizations, state and local government and any other interested parties awareness of environmental justice issues primarily in the state of Florida and throughout the country. The Center assists, trains, and educates people about environmental justice. http://www.famu.edu/index.cfm?environmentalscience&CEEJ.

Environmental Justice, Conservation and Racial Justice, Purdue University. This round-up offers a curated resource list for scholars, practitioners, students, and activists interested in intersections among environmentalism, conservation, justice, and racism. Organized conceptually and thematically, this is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather one of many resources available that can generate new conversations in the classroom, in workshops, and across communities. https://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/environment/resources/Env-justice.php.

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND SUSTAINABILITY, Seatle University, cejs@seattleu.edu. Seattle University strives to engage its community to make conscious, responsible and ethical decisions, and to promote environmental justice through: Environmental Justice Research, Environmental Justice related courses, Teaching resources, Global Service, Nicamigos, Engineers For a Sustainable World and others. seattleu.edu/cejs/.

Energy & Climate Justice, University of Colorado Boulder, ecenter@colorado.edu. The University of Colorado Environmental Center Energy & Climate Justice Program works to create a deeper understanding in the CU community about how our energy and water use directly relates to climate change and social justice issues... And what we can do about it. We employ peer-to-peer education about climate change, climate justice, water, air, food justice, agricultural practices and how to efficiently conserve energy on and off-campus. By educating each other, we are able to increase awareness and build interest in finding and working on solutions. https://www.colorado.edu/ecenter/energy-climate-justice.

Environmental Justice Working Group, Colorado State University. EnvironmentalJusticeCSU@gmail.com. The Environmental Justice Working Group began as a SoGES Global Challenge Research Team in 2014 and was established as a SoGES Working Group in 2017. We are a multidisciplinary group of engaged scholars and practitioners concerned with examining the drivers of and solutions to environmental inequity and injustice. http://environmentaljustice.colostate.edu.

Center for Health, Environment & Justice, info@chej.org. The Center for Health, Environment & Justice helps build healthy communities nationwide. Since its founding in 1981, CHEJ has grown into the nation’s leading resource for grassroots environmental activism, a ground-breaking, progressive organization with a vision for clean, green neighborhoods built from hard-won experience fighting for environmental justice. http://chej.org

Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, 9801 Lake Forest Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70127, 504-272-0956. The Deep South Center for Environmental Justice is dedicated to improving the lives of children and families harmed by pollution and vulnerable to climate change in the Gulf Coast Region through research, education, community and student engagement for policy change, as well as health and safety training for environmental careers. https://www.dscej.org.

Centre for Environmental Justice, UNDP, hemantha@ejustice.lk. https://www.adaptation-undp.org/centre-environmental-justice.

Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice (CCAEJ), admin@ccaej.org. The Center for Community Action and Environmental Justice (CCAEJ) is a progressive, base-building, non-profit organization bringing communities together to find opportunities for cooperation, agreement and problem solving in improving their social and natural environment. Using the lens of environmental health to achieve social change, we work within communities to develop and sustain democratically based, participatory decision-making that promotes involvement of a diverse segment of the community in ways that empower the community. https://www.ccaej.org.

Centre for Environmental Justice (CEJ) (Sri Lanka), Friends of the Earth in Sri Lanka, info@ejustice.lk. The Centre for Environmental Justice (CEJ) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization which aims to protect the environment and ensure equal environmental rights for all people. CEJ promotes ecological sustainability by providing support for ecologically sound community activities. CEJ works to protect and conserve Sri Lanka's natural resources and preserve ancient wisdom that enabled previous generations to live in harmony with nature. The organizations also works to establish better environmental governance for a sustainable future, environmental justice, and equity. http://www.ejustice.lk/index.htm.

Communities for a Better Environment (CBE), Address: 6325 Pacific Blvd. Ste 300; Huntington Park, CA 90255, Telephone: (323) 826-9771, Fax Line: (323) 588-7079, Conference Room: ext. 118. Founded in 1978. Communities for a Better Environment (CBE) is one of the preeminent environmental justice organizations in the nation. The mission of CBE is to build people’s power in California’s communities of color and low income communities to achieve environmental health and justice by preventing and reducing pollution and building green, healthy and sustainable communities and environmen. http://www.cbecal.org.

The Peoples Climate Movement, info@peoplesclimate.org. The Peoples Climate Movement used two key strategies to demand bold action on climate change: mass mobilization and movement alignment. We believe that by mobilizing massive numbers of people on the ground; finding alignment with partners under the banner of climate, jobs, and justice; and lifting up our core priorities of economic and racial justice, we can build the power required to win real and lasting climate policy on the federal, state, and local level. https://peoplesclimate.org/our-movement/

Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), info@ejfoundation.org. Dynamic, agile and effective, the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) is working to secure a world where natural habitats and environments can sustain, and be sustained by, the communities that depend upon them for their basic needs and livelihoods. https://ejfoundation.org/who-we-are.

Sierra Club, information@sierraclub.org. The Sierra Club is the most enduring and influential grassroots environmental organization in the United States. We amplify the power of our 3.8 million members and supporters to defend everyone’s right to a healthy world. https://www.sierraclub.org.

The Center for Public Integrity. The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom investigating democracy, power and privilege. Our reporting focuses on the influence of money and the impact of inequality on our society. https://publicintegrity.org/inside-publici/aboutus/.

#ItTakesRoots to #GrowtheResistance came into being as a collaborative network in 2016 after years of relationship building with the Climate Justice Alliance (CJA), Grassroots Global Justice Alliance (GGJ),and Right to the City Alliance (RTC) alongside the Center for Story-based Strategy and The Ruckus Society.

The ITR actions and movement building centers around leadership and is strengthened through the power of Indigenous, urban and rural communities on the front lines of environmental, energy and climate, racial, gender, and housing justice in North America. With the energy and power cultivated within these relationships this coalition is making great strides to regenerate economies and nurture the health of our communities.

Indigenous Environmental Network, PO Box 485, Bemidji, MN 56619.Established in 1990 within the United States, IEN was formed by grassroots Indigenous peoples and individuals to address environmental and economic justice issues (EJ). IEN’s activities include building the capacity of Indigenous communities and tribal governments to develop mechanisms to protect our sacred sites, land, water, air, natural resources, health of both our people and all living things, and to build economically sustainable communities.IEN accomplishes this by maintaining an informational clearinghouse, organizing campaigns, direct actions and public awareness, building the capacity of community and tribes to address EJ issues, development of initiatives to impact policy, and building alliances among Indigenous communities, tribes, inter-tribal and Indigenous organizations, people-of-color/ethnic organizations, faith-based and women groups, youth, labor, environmental organizations and others. IEN convenes local, regional and national meetings on environmental and economic justice issues, and provides support, resources and referral to Indigenous communities and youth throughout primarily North America – and in recent years – globally. https://www.ienearth.org/about/.

Climate Justice Alliance (CJA), Info@ClimateJusticeAlliance.org. Climate Justice Alliance (CJA) formed in 2013 to create a new center of gravity in the climate movement by uniting frontline communities and organizations into a formidable force. Our translocal organizing strategy and mobilizing capacity is building a Just Transition away from extractive systems of production, consumption and political oppression, and towards resilient, regenerative and equitable economies. We believe that the process of transition must place race, gender and class at the center of the solutions equation in order to make it a truly Just Transition. https://climatejusticealliance.org/about/ .

Grassroots Global Justice Alliance (GGJ), cindy@ggjalliance.org. GGJ was founded following the economic justice struggles against NAFTA and the WTO Battle in Seattle. In 2002, after a delegation of US organizers returned from the second World Social Forum (WSF) in Porto Alegre, Brazil, they decided that grassroots community organizers from low-income communities and communities fighting for racial justice should connect with social movements outside the United States. The alliance was officially formed at the first Membership Assembly in 2005, hosted by the Southwest Workers Union in San Antonio, TX. https://ggjalliance.org/about/our-story/.

Right To The City Alliance (RTTC), info@righttothecity.org. Right To The City Alliance (RTTC) emerged in 2007 as a unified response to gentrification and a call to halt the displacement of low-income people, people of color, marginalized LGBTQ communities, and youths of color from their historic urban neighborhoods. We are a national alliance of racial, economic and environmental justice organizations. https://righttothecity.org/about/mission-history/.

Center for Story-based Strategy, info@storybasedstrategy.org. Center for Story-based Strategy (CSS) is a national movement-building organization dedicated to harnessing the power of narrative for social change. We offer training and strategic support to social justice organizations and alliances to change the story on the issues that matter most. https://www.storybasedstrategy.org.

The Ruckus Society, PO Box 28741, Oakland, CA 94604, Phone: 510-931-6339, Fax: 866-778-6374. The Ruckus Society is a multi-racial network of trainers dedicated to providing the necessary tools, preparation, and support to build direct action capacity for ecological justice and social change movements. We work with Indigenous communities and other communities of color working to preserve their homes and environments and for climate justice. https://ruckus.org/about-us/.

Environmental racism and climate change

Historical background

Zimring, Carl A. 2016. Clean and White: A History of Environmental Racism in the United States. N.Y.: New York University Press.

Climate change

Ali, Mustafa Santiago. 2020. “Environmental racism is killing Americans of color. Climate change will make it worse” The Guardian, July 28.

Hopkins, Hope. “Racism is Killing the Planet: The Ideology of White Supremacy Leads the Way Toward Disposable People and a Disposable Natural World.” June 8, 2020. Sierra

Environmental and pollutant hazards

Mohai, Paul and Robin Saha. 2007. “Racial Inequality in the Distribution of Hazardous Waste: A Nation-Level Assessment.” Social Problems. 54: 343-370.

Pellow, David Naguib. 2018. What is Critical Environmental Justice? Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.

Toxic Wastes and Race and Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty

Welcome to “Cancer Alley,” Where Toxic Air Is About to Get Worse by Tristan Baurick, The Times-Picayune and The Advocate, Lylla Younes, ProPublica, and Joan Meiners

https://www.propublica.org/article/welcome-to-cancer-alley-where-toxic-air-is-about-to-get-worse

Environmental Justice for Delaware Mitigating Toxic Pollution in New Castle County Communities

https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2017/10/ej-for-de-report-ucs-2017.pdf

Abandoned Science, Broken Promises

How the Trump Administration’s Neglect of Science Is Leaving Marginalized Communities Further Behind

https://ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/abandoned-science-broken-promises-web-final.pdf

https://ucsusa.org/resources/abandoned-science-broken-promises

WHO’S IN DANGER? Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters:

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH ALLIANCE FOR CHEMICAL POLICY REFORM

https://comingcleaninc.org/assets/media/images/Reports/Who's%20in%20Danger%20Report%20FINAL.pdf

Disasters, COVID-19 response and racism

Historical Background

Taylor, Rosemary C.R. “History Lessons: What Can We Learn from the Past?” July 16. 2020. https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/democracy-and-pandemics/history-lessons-can-we-learn-from-the-past/

Bullard, Robert D. and Beverly Wright. 2012. The Wrong Complexion for Protection: How the Government Response to Disaster Endangers African American Communities. N.Y.: New York University Press.

Landwehr, Claudia and Armin Schafer. “Populist, Technocratic, and Authoritarian Responses to Covid-19”, July 23, 2020 https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/democracy-and-pandemics/populist-technocratic-and-authoritarian-responses-to-covid-19/

Lieberman, Evan. “Risk for ‘Us,’ or for ‘Them’? The comparative Politics of Diversity and Responses to COVID-19.” May 14, 2020. https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/democracy-and-pandemics/risk-for-us-or-for-them-the-comparative-politics-of-diversity-and-responses-to-aids-and-covid-19/

Lynch, Julia. “How Does Social Inequality Affect Government’s Ability to Deal with Covid-19?”, June 18, 2020. https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/democracy-and-pandemics/how-does-social-inequality-affect-governments-ability-to-deal-with-covid-19/

Health care and systematic racism

Feagin, Joe R. and Zinobia Bennefiled. 2014. “Systemic Racism and U.S. Health and Health Care.” Social Science and Medicine. 103: 7-14.

Hoberman, John. 2012. Black and Blue: The Origins and Consequences of Medical Racism. . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Institute of Medecine. 2002. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparites in Health Care. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press.

COVID-19, Environmental justice, and Racism

"The coronavirus pandemic is hitting black and brown Americans especially hard on all fronts."

https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/08/us/coronavirus-pandemic-race-impact-trnd/index.html

"Coronavirus Is Not Just a Health Crisis—It’s an Environmental Justice Crisis"

https://www.motherjones.com/coronavirus-updates/2020/04/coronavirus-is-not-just-a-health-crisis-its-an-environmental-justice-crisis/

The “Father of Environmental Justice” on Why He Isn’t Surprised by COVID-19 Health Disparities.

https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/father-environmental-justice-coronavirus/

"THE COLOR OF CORONAVIRUS: COVID-19 DEATHS BY RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE U.S."

https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race

University of Minnesota

Center for Global Health and Social Responsibility: Addressing Racial Inequities in Health Outcomes During COVID and Beyond, July 16, 2020

Center for Global Health and Social Responsibility: Charting the Path to Health Equity: A 20/20 Review of the Political Determinants of Health, October 26, 11:30am–1:00pm CT

Institute of Advanced Study: Environmental Justice Thursdays Spotlight series

Howard University

National Conference “From Protest to Policy: The Pursuit of Racial Justice”, October 14-16, 10:00am- 4:00pm ET

2020 National Environmental Justice Conference