A speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic refers to the act of putting out a person, concept, subject, or solution for thought, debate, or action in a group or discourse. In the context of communication, it entails locating and presenting a certain person, idea, or plan of action as a viable alternative.

In talks, debates, or decision-making sessions, nomination plays a crucial role as people express their opinions, suggest candidates, or bring up issues that need to be resolved. It facilitates conversational concentration, draws attention to certain elements, and starts a new dialogue or course of action on a given topic.

Effective nomination in the context of oral communication requires persuasion, relevance, and clarity, guaranteeing that the suggested individual, concept, or subject is in line with the aims or objectives of the topic and makes a significant contribution to the current debate.

Restriction refers to a limit or constraint placed on the information being conveyed. It entails establishing limits or guidelines for what can and cannot be discussed, shared, or communicated during a conversation, presentation, or dialogue. These constraints can be explicit or implicit, and they can arise for a variety of reasons, including confidentiality agreements, legal obligations, ethical considerations, topic sensitivity,
privacy concerns, or the nature of the communicators' relationship. 

In a business setting, for example, certain proprietary information, trade secrets, or confidential data may be prohibited from being shared with individuals outside the company.

Similarly, in a personal context, people may limit what they are willing to disclose based on their level of comfort or the sensitivity of the subject. Understanding and respecting these constraints is critical in effective oral communication to maintain trust, confidentiality, and professionalism while ensuring appropriate and responsible information sharing.

Pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. Primarily, the idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak. 

Describes the process in which participants in a conversation or discussion switch between speaking and listening. In a conversation, it entails the systematic distribution of speaking and listening opportunities so that each individual can participate, share knowledge, pose questions, or voice opinions. 

A fair and cooperative exchange of ideas is ensured by effective turn-taking, which enables all participants to participate and add to the discussion. It facilitates inclusive and courteous conversation amongst people, keeps the conversation flowing, and inhibits the dominance of any one speaker.

The act of changing the subject or transitioning from one topic to another during a conversation, presentation, discussion, or any other form of spoken interaction is referred to as topic shifting in oral communication. It entails shifting the conversation's focus from the current topic to a different or related topic. The ability of the speaker to transition smoothly and coherently, ensuring that the shift does not cause confusion or disrupt the flow of the conversation, determines the effectiveness of topic shifting in oral communication. Skillful topic shifting can enrich discussions, engage participants, and help keep the communication context relevant.

Refers to the strategies or techniques used by speakers to address and correct communication misunderstandings, errors, or breakdowns that occur during a conversation or interaction. These breakdowns could be caused by a variety of factors, including unclear statements, language barriers, misinterpretations, or misunderstandings. 

Repair strategies are critical in effective communication because they allow conversation participants to address misunderstandings quickly, fostering clearer understanding and preventing miscommunication from derailing the interaction. Skilled communicators are adept at employing a variety of repair strategies to ensure the smooth flow of oral communication and improve mutual comprehension among all parties involved.

Refers to the end of a conversation, presentation, discussion, or other form of spoken interaction. It is the stage at which the communication concludes and the participants wrap up the discussion or information exchange. The final phase of oral communication, termination, is critical in leaving a memorable and meaningful impression on the participants involved in the interaction.