PAH is characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance. These developments are caused by pathological angiogenesis as well as endothelial and smooth muscle proliferation and dysfunction (Gerringer). Patients with PAH present symptoms including dyspnoea, fatigue, and chest pain (Guillevin) and this can eventually progress into reduced cardiac output, right heart failure, and death (Lan 38). Clinically, prognosis and survival for patients with PAH have improved due to improved diagnostic tools and new therapies targeting the endothelial function, vasodilation, and anti-proliferation associated with the disorder (Lai).