Embedded Files
PRAVESH
PRAVESH
1. Have a general knowledge of the scout movement.
2. Scout law and scout promise.
3. Scout motto, sign, salute and left hand shake.
4. Good turn.
5. Uniform:- Know the parts of uniform and how to wear it.
6. Know the composition and significance of the National flag, Bharath scouts and guides flag and world scout flag.
7. National Anthem:- Sing correctly the National anthem.
8. Prayer song and Flag song.
1. Have a general knowledge of scout movement.
1. Have a general knowledge of scout movement.
Lord Badon powell of Giwell chief scout of the world
Lord Badon powell of Giwell chief scout of the world
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden powell know to millions by his magical initials. B.P is founder of the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movement was born in London on the 22nd February 1857. He was the sixth son of professor H.G Baden powell and Henrietta errance, danghter of Admiral William smith professor Baden Powell died when B.P was three years old and the bunder of bringing up the families, therefore, developed entirely on MR. Baden powell. He allowed them a good deal of freedom to go about and learn things from themselves. This early up bringing gave B.P. The real start for his future life as a solding and an out doors man.
He collected together twenty boys and held in a camp for them on BROWN SEA ISLAND is august 1907. After the grate and successful camp he decided to write his how famous book scouting for boys. It was published in 1908. Boys every were in England began to buy his book to start. Scouting on their own. Thus patrols and troops began to spring up rapidly all over England.
After the formation of the bag scout movement. B.P come to India twice, once is 1921 and again in 1937 to attend the first all-India Jamboree in Delhi and to attend in third separate organization. After going back he attended world Jamboree in Holland. This was the last Jamboree.
The ends come suddenly on the 8th January 1941. He was buried in Nyeri amidst nature's most beautiful vistus with his head to the North to the snow copped mountains of Kenya which he loved so much.
2. Scout law and scout promise.
2. Scout law and scout promise.
SCOUT LAW
SCOUT LAW
1. A scout is trust worthy.
2. A scout is loyal.
3. A scout is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout.
4. A scout is courteous.
5. A scout is a friend to animals and loves nature.
6. A scout is disciplined and helps to protect public property.
7. A scout is courageous.
8. A scout is thrifty.
9. A scout is pure in thought, and deed.
SCOUT PROMISE
SCOUT PROMISE
On my honor, I promise that I will do my best:-
1. To do my duty to God and my country.
2. To help other people and
3. To obey the scout law.
3. Scout motto, sign salute and left hand shake.
3. Scout motto, sign salute and left hand shake.
SCOUT MOTTO
SCOUT MOTTO
Be prepared!
Meaning: - 1. Physically strong
2. Mentally Awake
3. Morally straight.
SCOUT SIGN
the sign is given at the time of investiture or at time of renewal of the scout promise.
1. The 3 finger represents 3 fold promises.
2. Thumbs finger over little finger represents the younger should obey the elders .
SCOUT SALUTE
It is always done with the right hand. It is the privilege of the one who sees first to salute first - Irrespective of rank.
LEFT HAND SHAKE
"THE Bravest of the Braves"
"THE Bravest of the Braves"
Our Founder conceived left hand shake as a form of greeting for the members of the movement. The idea originated from an incident in his military career in South Africa.
When Colonel Baden Powell entered the capital city of the Ashanti people in 1896 he was met by one of the chiefs named prempeh who came to him holding out his left hand. B.P held out his right in return but the chief said: NO, in my country the bravest of the brave shake with the left hand. So began the left handshake of the world wide brotherhood of scouts.
5. Uniform: - know the parts of uniform and how to wear it.
5. Uniform: - know the parts of uniform and how to wear it.
1. Barrel
2. Badge
3. Owgal
4. Brother Hood badge
5. International scout badge
6. Scarf
7. Belt
8. Rope
9. Socks
10. Shoes
6. Know the composition and significance of the National flag, . Bharat scouts and guides Flag and world scout flag.
6. Know the composition and significance of the National flag, . Bharat scouts and guides Flag and world scout flag.
NATIONAL FLAG
NATIONAL FLAG
The National flag of India was adopted in its present from during a meeting of the constituent Assembly held on 22nd July 1947, 24 days before India’s independence from the British on 15th August 1947,
Designed by: Pingali venkayya. Tricolour “saffrom” at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre, there is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes, know as the Ashoka chakra.
THE BHARAT SCOUT AND GUIDES FLAG
THE BHARAT SCOUT AND GUIDES FLAG
The Bharat scouts and Guides flag shall be in dark blue colour, the emblem in golden yellow shall be in the centre of the flag with Ashoka chakra in blue colour.
Size of association Flag: 180 cm x 120 cm
Size of troop Flag: 120 cm x 80 cm
Size of emblem in Flag: 45 cm x 3 cm
Ratio of the Flag: 3:2
WORLD SCOUTS FLAG
WORLD SCOUTS FLAG
The world scout flag consists of the world scout badge in a white encircled by a white reef knot. It is set on purple back ground, the size of the flag will be in the ratio of 3:2. Purple is the international colour and stands for the service oriented nature of scouting. The knot is the symbol of the scout brotherhood.
The flag was approved in 1951 at the 8 the world conference held in Lisbon.
7. National anthem
7. National anthem
The Indian national anthem, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, it was first sung at Calcutta session of Indian national congress on 27th December 1911. jana gana mana was officially adopted by the constituent. Assembly as the Indian national anthem on January 24th, 1950. Timing: 52 sec
Jana gana mana adhinayaka, jayahe
Bharata bhagya vidhata
Punjab sindhu Gujarata maratha
Dravida utkala ganga
Vindhya himachala Yamuna ganga
Uchala jaladhi taranga
Tava shubha name jage
Tava shabha ashish maange
Gahe tava jaya gatha
Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he
Bharata bhagya vidhata
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he
Jaya jaya , jaya, jaya he!
8. PRAYER SONG
8. PRAYER SONG
Written by : veer deva veer LT/s former soc, Haryana, one of the freedom fighter.
Daya kar dan bhakti ka
Hamen pareamathma Dena,
Daya karana hamari atma
Men suddhata Dena.
Hamare dhyan men aoo
Prabhu ankho men bas jao.
Andheri dill men aakar ke
Param jyothi jaga Dena.
Bahado prem ki ganga
Dilon men prem ka sagar,
Hamen apas me miljulkar
Prabhu rehna sikha Dena.
Hamara kaarm ho seva,
Hamara dharm ho seva,
Sadai man ho seva ho
Sevakchar Bana Dena.
Vatan ke vaste jeena,
Vatan ke vastes marna,
Vatan per jan Fida karma
Prabhuy hamko sikha Dena.
FLAG SONG
FLAG SONG
Bharat scout guide jhanda
Uncha sada rahega,
Uncha sada rahega jhanda
Uncha sada rahega.
Neela rang gagan sa vistrut
Bhatru bhav failatha,
Tridal kamal nit teen pratigna onki yad dilate.
Aur chakr kehata hei
Prathipal agey kadam badega.
Uncha sada rahega jhanda
Uncha sada rahega.
Bharat scout rahega.
PRATHAMA SOPAN
PRATHAMA SOPAN
Ø Learn about your patrol, its flag, yell or song and corner.
Ø Learn about your patrol, its flag, yell or song and corner.
Ø Know general rules of health, practice B.P six exercise or six asana or surya namaskara .
Ø Know general rules of health, practice B.P six exercise or six asana or surya namaskara .
Ø Whipping, roof knot, sheet bend, clove hitch, bowline.
Ø Whipping, roof knot, sheet bend, clove hitch, bowline.
Ø Learn wood craft signs and follow a track.
Ø Learn wood craft signs and follow a track.
Ø Learn and practice hand and whistle signals.
Ø Learn and practice hand and whistle signals.
Ø Know the contents of first aid box.
Ø Know the contents of first aid box.
Ø Participate in 2 patrol outdoor meeting or a patrol day hike.
Ø Participate in 2 patrol outdoor meeting or a patrol day hike.
Ø Adopt for purpose of keeping clean a park.
Ø Adopt for purpose of keeping clean a park.
Ø Participate nine any 2 of the following:
Ø Participate nine any 2 of the following:
a) Undertake a nature study project.
a) Undertake a nature study project.
b) Discuss with your scout and render some services involving any one of the points of scout lay and sumit a report to your scout master.
b) Discuss with your scout and render some services involving any one of the points of scout lay and sumit a report to your scout master.
c) Visit a village panchayat samiti block development office municipal office and learn about the service.
c) Visit a village panchayat samiti block development office municipal office and learn about the service.
12) Daily good at home and maintain a dairy at least for a month.
12) Daily good at home and maintain a dairy at least for a month.
Test for pratham sopan
Test for pratham sopan
1) Know the patrol call and general rules of heal exactise B.P six exercise or six asana or namaskara.
1) Know the patrol call and general rules of heal exactise B.P six exercise or six asana or namaskara.
2) Learn wood; craft sign’s and follow a track.
2) Learn wood; craft sign’s and follow a track.
3) Tie and show uses of ;rope knot sheet bend.
3) Tie and show uses of ;rope knot sheet bend.
4) Participate in troop games.
4) Participate in troop games.
5) Practice orderly movements and simple drill for smartness.
5) Practice orderly movements and simple drill for smartness.
6) Know the content’s of the first aid box. Demo the use of roller bandages and triangle badge collar and cub sling. Dander first aid ficut’s scratches.
6) Know the content’s of the first aid box. Demo the use of roller bandages and triangle badge collar and cub sling. Dander first aid ficut’s scratches.
7) Participate in two patrols out door meeting or patrol day hike.
7) Participate in two patrols out door meeting or patrol day hike.
8) Make a gadget or hand craft useful at home.
8) Make a gadget or hand craft useful at home.
9) Adopt for purpose of dean a park or a water point or a bus stop or any other public spot or a building for a week.
9) Adopt for purpose of dean a park or a water point or a bus stop or any other public spot or a building for a week.
10) Participate in any two of the following activities.
10) Participate in any two of the following activities.
I. Undertake a nature study project in consulatic with your patrol leader.
I. Undertake a nature study project in consulatic with your patrol leader.
II. Discuss with your scout and render some service involving any one of the points of . scout lay and submit report to your scout master.
II. Discuss with your scout and render some service involving any one of the points of . scout lay and submit report to your scout master.
III. Visit a village panchayat samiti block development office municipal offices and learn about the services.
III. Visit a village panchayat samiti block development office municipal offices and learn about the services.
IV. Daily good at home and maintain a dairy at least for a month.
IV. Daily good at home and maintain a dairy at least for a month.
PATROL
PATROL
It is a method of training in leadership and in discipline by which scouts are put into permanent teams under their own leaders. It is a system of learning by do9ing and it can show concrete principles working in practice. Each patrol shall bear the name of a flower chosen in consultation with the patrol in council and every member of the patrol shall wear the emblem of the patrol on the uniform.
It is a method of training in leadership and in discipline by which scouts are put into permanent teams under their own leaders. It is a system of learning by do9ing and it can show concrete principles working in practice. Each patrol shall bear the name of a flower chosen in consultation with the patrol in council and every member of the patrol shall wear the emblem of the patrol on the uniform.
PATROL FLAG
PATROL FLAG
Each patrol has a flag that display the emblem of the patrol. The patrol flag is the .
trianglular shape, white in colour with emblem in red colour. The length of the base is 20 cm and sides 30 cm each. The best type of flag is the one which has been designed and made by the patrol it self.
PATROL SONG
PATROL SONG
Make up a short catching song with your patrol. It will not only adjust to your patrol activities, . buy bring all of you closer still and increase the patrol spirit.
PATROL CORNER
PATROL CORNER
Generally patrol corner means two things one is the time given to patrol activities during the company meetings. The other one means the physical place that is located to the patrol in the meeting place.
HEALTH RULES
HEALTH RULES
The founder of scouts and guides movement, Baden Powell says, a scout and guide should make one self strong and healthy by good feedi8ng and moderate exercise, so that when they becoming strong and healthy, they make others also strong and healthy
v Fresh air:-
It is essential to breathe to breathe fresh air. Good health depends on good blood and to keep the blood wholesome, it must be purified by the oxygen which is contained in fresh air and which is taken into our lungs as we breathe in. the supply of fresh air and oxygen should be constantly newed.
v Sunlight :It (deprived) our bodies are deprived of the sun will not be healthy, and we shall not be able to with stand disease. Fresh air and sunlight are essential to life.
v Sunlight :It (deprived) our bodies are deprived of the sun will not be healthy, and we shall not be able to with stand disease. Fresh air and sunlight are essential to life.
v Cleanliness: This is a very important thing because it cores such a wide subject cleanliness of body, surroundings and mind all contribute to a healthy body and health outlook on life.
v Cleanliness: This is a very important thing because it cores such a wide subject cleanliness of body, surroundings and mind all contribute to a healthy body and health outlook on life.
FIRST AID, BANDAGES AND SLINGS
FIRST AID, BANDAGES AND SLINGS
SLINGS :-
SLINGS :-
Slings are used to support an injured arm, or to supplement treatment for another injury such as fractured ribs. Generally, the most effective sling is made with a triangular bandage. Every first aid kit, no matter how small, should have at least two of these bandages as essential items.
Slings are used to support an injured arm, or to supplement treatment for another injury such as fractured ribs. Generally, the most effective sling is made with a triangular bandage. Every first aid kit, no matter how small, should have at least two of these bandages as essential items.
Although triangular bandages are preferable, any material, ex. tie, belt, or piece of twine or rope, can be used in an emergency. If no likely material is to hand, and injured arm can be adequately supported by inserting it inside the casualty’s shirt or blouse. Similarly, a safety pin applied to a sleeve and secured to clothing on the chest may suffice.
Although triangular bandages are preferable, any material, ex. tie, belt, or piece of twine or rope, can be used in an emergency. If no likely material is to hand, and injured arm can be adequately supported by inserting it inside the casualty’s shirt or blouse. Similarly, a safety pin applied to a sleeve and secured to clothing on the chest may suffice.
There are essentially three types of sling; the arm sling for injuries to the forearm, the St John sling for injuries to the shoulder, and the ‘collar-and-cuff’ or clove hitch for injuries to the upper arm and as supplementary support to fractured ribs.
There are essentially three types of sling; the arm sling for injuries to the forearm, the St John sling for injuries to the shoulder, and the ‘collar-and-cuff’ or clove hitch for injuries to the upper arm and as supplementary support to fractured ribs.
On application of any sling, always check the circulation to the limb by feeling for the pulse at the wrist, or squeezing a fingernail and observing for change of color in the nail bed.
On application of any sling, always check the circulation to the limb by feeling for the pulse at the wrist, or squeezing a fingernail and observing for change of color in the nail bed.
The Arm Sling
The Arm Sling
1. Support the injured forearm approximately parallel to the ground with the wrist slightly higher than the elbow.
1. Support the injured forearm approximately parallel to the ground with the wrist slightly higher than the elbow.
2. Place an open triangular bandage between the body and the arm, with its apex towards the elbow.
2. Place an open triangular bandage between the body and the arm, with its apex towards the elbow.
3. Extend the upper point of the bandage over the shoulder on the uninjured side.
3. Extend the upper point of the bandage over the shoulder on the uninjured side.
4. Bring the lower point up over the arm, across the shoulder on the injured side to join the upper point and tie firmly with a reef knot.
4. Bring the lower point up over the arm, across the shoulder on the injured side to join the upper point and tie firmly with a reef knot.
5. Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety pin.
5. Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety pin.
St John Sling
St John Sling
1. Support the casualty’s arm with the elbow beside the body and the hand extended towards the uninjured shoulder.
1. Support the casualty’s arm with the elbow beside the body and the hand extended towards the uninjured shoulder.
2. Place an opened triangular bandage over the forearm and hand, with the apex towards the elbow.
2. Place an opened triangular bandage over the forearm and hand, with the apex towards the elbow.
3. Extend the upper point of the bandage over the uninjured shoulder.
3. Extend the upper point of the bandage over the uninjured shoulder.
4. Tuck the lower part of the bandage under the injured arm, bring it under the elbow and around the back and extend the lower point up to meet the upper point at the shoulder.
4. Tuck the lower part of the bandage under the injured arm, bring it under the elbow and around the back and extend the lower point up to meet the upper point at the shoulder.
5. Tie firmly with a reef knot.
5. Tie firmly with a reef knot.
6. Secure the elbow by folding the excess material and applying a safety pin, then ensure that the sling is tucked under the arm giving firm support.
6. Secure the elbow by folding the excess material and applying a safety pin, then ensure that the sling is tucked under the arm giving firm support.
‘Collar-and-Cuff’ (Clove Hitch)
‘Collar-and-Cuff’ (Clove Hitch)
1. Allow the elbow to hang naturally at the side and place the hand extended towards the shoulder on the uninjured side.
1. Allow the elbow to hang naturally at the side and place the hand extended towards the shoulder on the uninjured side.
2. Form a clove hitch by forming two loops — one towards you, one away from you.
2. Form a clove hitch by forming two loops — one towards you, one away from you.
3. Put the loops together by sliding your hands under the loops and closing with a “clapping” motion. If you are experienced at forming a clove hitch, then apply a clove hitch directly on the wrist, but take care not to move the injured arm.
3. Put the loops together by sliding your hands under the loops and closing with a “clapping” motion. If you are experienced at forming a clove hitch, then apply a clove hitch directly on the wrist, but take care not to move the injured arm.
4. Slide the clove hitch over the hand and gently pull it firmly to secure the wrist.
4. Slide the clove hitch over the hand and gently pull it firmly to secure the wrist.
5. Extend the points of the bandage to either side of the neck and tie firmly with a reef knot.
5. Extend the points of the bandage to either side of the neck and tie firmly with a reef knot.
6. Allow the arm to hang comfortably. Should further support be required, ex. For support to fractured ribs, apply triangular bandages around the body and upper arm to hold the arm firmly against the chest.
6. Allow the arm to hang comfortably. Should further support be required, ex. For support to fractured ribs, apply triangular bandages around the body and upper arm to hold the arm firmly against the chest.
ROLLER BANDAGE
ROLLER BANDAGE
Roller bandages are long strips of material which are rolled up for easy use. They come in different widths and material.
Roller bandages are long strips of material which are rolled up for easy use. They come in different widths and material.
Roller Bandages: Gauze or Cotton Roller Bandage
Roller Bandages: Gauze or Cotton Roller Bandage
Gauze and cotton bandages are non-conforming.
Gauze and cotton bandages are non-conforming.
This means that they do not stretch, and will not mould around the part of the body to which they are applied.
This means that they do not stretch, and will not mould around the part of the body to which they are applied.
Non-conforming bandages do not stay on very well.
Non-conforming bandages do not stay on very well.
If you have both types of bandage in your first aid kit, it is best to use the conforming bandages first.
If you have both types of bandage in your first aid kit, it is best to use the conforming bandages first.
Roller Bandages: Conforming Roller Bandage
Roller Bandages: Conforming Roller Bandage
Conforming bandages are designed to stretch.
Conforming bandages are designed to stretch.
This allows them to mould to the shape of the parts to which they are applied.
This allows them to mould to the shape of the parts to which they are applied.
Conforming bandages can be used on their own to provide support to an injured joint or muscle.
Conforming bandages can be used on their own to provide support to an injured joint or muscle.
They can also secure pads and dressings, when this is necessary to control bleeding.
They can also secure pads and dressings, when this is necessary to control bleeding.
Applying Roller Bandages
Applying Roller Bandages
All roller bandages should be applied in the following manner.
All roller bandages should be applied in the following manner.
1. Hold the bandage so that the head or rolled part is on top and the tail is pointing inward.
1. Hold the bandage so that the head or rolled part is on top and the tail is pointing inward.
2. Pass the rolled part from hand to hand, allowing it to unroll as you go. Make sure that each turn overlaps the last by two thirds of its width.
2. Pass the rolled part from hand to hand, allowing it to unroll as you go. Make sure that each turn overlaps the last by two thirds of its width.
3. Fasten the end with tape or tuck the end in and check that the b andage is not too tight.
3. Fasten the end with tape or tuck the end in and check that the b andage is not too tight.
Improvising
Improvising
There may be occasions where you need to give first aid to asick or injured person but no first aid kit is available.
There may be occasions where you need to give first aid to asick or injured person but no first aid kit is available.
If a kit is not available, you will need to improvise first aid equipment, by using whatever you can find.
If a kit is not available, you will need to improvise first aid equipment, by using whatever you can find.
For example, a broomstick or umbrella could be used to splint a fractured limb.
For example, a broomstick or umbrella could be used to splint a fractured limb.
A couple of T-shirts could be used as padding around an injury.
A couple of T-shirts could be used as padding around an injury.
You should not let the absence of a first aid kit prevent you from offering first aid to a casualty.
You should not let the absence of a first aid kit prevent you from offering first aid to a casualty.
Improvising
Improvising
If you needed to improvise a dressing for a person with a cut on their hand you would use a handkerchief. A clean handkerchief makes an excellent pad or dressing for small wounds.
If you needed to improvise a dressing for a person with a cut on their hand you would use a handkerchief. A clean handkerchief makes an excellent pad or dressing for small wounds.
If you needed to improvise a bandage you could use stockings. Clean pantyhose or stockings make excellent short bandages.
If you needed to improvise a bandage you could use stockings. Clean pantyhose or stockings make excellent short bandages.
If you needed to improvise a splint for a suspected fractured arm you would use a newspaper. A newspaper makes a useful splint because when it is folded and creased it becomes quite solid and will support and immobilise a fracture very well.
If you needed to improvise a splint for a suspected fractured arm you would use a newspaper. A newspaper makes a useful splint because when it is folded and creased it becomes quite solid and will support and immobilise a fracture very well.
If you needed to improvise a sling for a person with an injured upper arm you would use a belt. The belt would make an ideal sling because it will easily take the weight of the arm. Because it is fairly wide, it is also less likely to interfere with circulation.
If you needed to improvise a sling for a person with an injured upper arm you would use a belt. The belt would make an ideal sling because it will easily take the weight of the arm. Because it is fairly wide, it is also less likely to interfere with circulation.
TRIANGULAR BANDAGES
TRIANGULAR BANDAGES
A First Aid Kit will typically contain triangular bandages which are large
A First Aid Kit will typically contain triangular bandages which are large
triangular pieces of material, with two sides about 1 metre long,and the third about 1.4 metres.
Triangular bandages can be used as:
Triangular bandages can be used as:
Collar & Cuff Sling
Collar & Cuff Sling
St John Sling
Full Arm Sling
Broad Bandage
Narrow Bandage
Pad
Triangular bandages: Collar & Cuff Sling
Triangular bandages: Collar & Cuff Sling
The collar and cuff sling is useful for a casualty with a fracture of the
The collar and cuff sling is useful for a casualty with a fracture of the
upper arm or an injured hand.
upper arm or an injured hand.
Triangular bandages: St John Sling
Triangular bandages: St John Sling
The St John sling is useful for a casualty with an injured shoulder, collar bone, hand or fingers.
The St John sling is useful for a casualty with an injured shoulder, collar bone, hand or fingers.
It is the best sling for shoulder and collarbone injuries because it supports the whole arm and takes the weight of the arm off the injured shoulder or collar bone. In the case of hand or finger injuries, it can be used to elevate the injured part.
It is the best sling for shoulder and collarbone injuries because it supports the whole arm and takes the weight of the arm off the injured shoulder or collar bone. In the case of hand or finger injuries, it can be used to elevate the injured part.
Triangular bandages: Full Arm Sling
Triangular bandages: Full Arm Sling
The full arm sling is used to support an injured forearm or wrist.
The full arm sling is used to support an injured forearm or wrist.
It is the best sling for these injuries because it forms a comfortable cradle which spreads the weight of the forearm evenly along its whole length. This prevents the damaged parts from pushing together or pull ing apart as they would if the other slings were used.
It is the best sling for these injuries because it forms a comfortable cradle which spreads the weight of the forearm evenly along its whole length. This prevents the damaged parts from pushing together or pull ing apart as they would if the other slings were used.
Triangular bandages: Broad Bandage
Triangular bandages: Broad Bandage
A broad bandage is simply a triangular bandage which is folded and used to tie on splints and dressings.
A broad bandage is simply a triangular bandage which is folded and used to tie on splints and dressings.
First, you fold it in half, point to base.
Then you fold it in half again.
You now have a broad bandage.
Triangular bandage: Narrow Bandage
A narrow bandage has one more fold than the broad bandage and is mainly used for the collar & cuff sling.
A narrow bandage has one more fold than the broad bandage and is mainly used for the collar & cuff sling.
First, you fold it in half, point to base.
First, you fold it in half, point to base.
Then you fold it in half again to make a broad bandage.
Then you fold it in half again to make a broad bandage.
Then you fold it in half again.
Then you fold it in half again.
You now have a narrow bandage.
You now have a narrow bandage.
Triangular bandage: Pad
Triangular bandage: Pad
If you do not have a sterile pad in your First Aid Kit, you can use a triangular bandage as a pad.
If you do not have a sterile pad in your First Aid Kit, you can use a triangular bandage as a pad.
First, you fold it in half, point to base.
Then you fold it in half again to make a broad bandage.
Then you fold it in half again.
You now have a narrow bandage.
Then fold the two ends into the middle.
Now fold both ends into the middle again.
Fold what is left in half to make a pad.
When a triangular bandage is folded like this, it is easy to store It in a first aid kit.
You can also use it in this form if you need to control bleeding.
You can also use it in this form if you need to control bleeding.
HEAD, KNEW,FOOT/HAND BANDAGES
HEAD, KNEW,FOOT/HAND BANDAGES
Uses of Triangular bandage
Uses of Triangular bandage
Head bandage
Head bandage
• Stand behind the casualty. Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a narrow
• Stand behind the casualty. Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a narrow
hem folded along the base. Place the centre of the base in the middle of the
hem folded along the base. Place the centre of the base in the middle of the
forehead, close to the eyebrows.
forehead, close to the eyebrows.
• Bring the point over the top of the head to cover the dressing, and down the back of
• Bring the point over the top of the head to cover the dressing, and down the back of
the head, cross over the point, and around the head to the front. Tie the ends
the head, cross over the point, and around the head to the front. Tie the ends
together, using a reef knot, low on the forehead.
together, using a reef knot, low on the forehead.
• Steady the head with one hand, and gently pull the point down to put the desired
• Steady the head with one hand, and gently pull the point down to put the desired
amount of pressure on the dressing. Fold the point up toward the top of the head
amount of pressure on the dressing. Fold the point up toward the top of the head
and secure it carefully with a safety pin or tuck it under the back crisscross.
and secure it carefully with a safety pin or tuck it under the back crisscross.
Knee or elbow bandage
Knee or elbow bandage
• Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a narrow hem folded along the
• Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth with a narrow hem folded along the
base. Place the centre of the base on the leg below the kneecap with the point
base. Place the centre of the base on the leg below the kneecap with the point
toward the top of the leg (or to bandage an elbow, on the forearm with the point
toward the top of the leg (or to bandage an elbow, on the forearm with the point
toward the shoulder).
toward the shoulder).
• Bring the ends around the joint, crossing over the point in front of the elbow or at
• Bring the ends around the joint, crossing over the point in front of the elbow or at
the back of the knee.
the back of the knee.
• Bring the ends up and tie off over the point. Pull the point up to put the right amount
• Bring the ends up and tie off over the point. Pull the point up to put the right amount
of pressure on the dressing and then fold it down and secure it with a safety pin or
of pressure on the dressing and then fold it down and secure it with a safety pin or
tuck it under the knot.
tuck it under the knot.
Foot or hand bandage
Foot or hand bandage
• Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth. Place it on a flat surface with the point
• Use a triangular bandage as a whole cloth. Place it on a flat surface with the point
away from the casualty
away from the casualty
• Place the foot or hand on the triangular bandage with the toes or fingers toward
• Place the foot or hand on the triangular bandage with the toes or fingers toward
the point, leaving enough bandage at the ankle or wrist to fully cover the part.
the point, leaving enough bandage at the ankle or wrist to fully cover the part.
Bring the point up and over the foot or hand to rest on the lower leg or wrist.
Bring the point up and over the foot or hand to rest on the lower leg or wrist.
• Bring the ends alongside the foot of hand and crisscross the folded ends up and
• Bring the ends alongside the foot of hand and crisscross the folded ends up and
around the ankle or wrist. Cross over the point and wrap any extra bandage before
around the ankle or wrist. Cross over the point and wrap any extra bandage before
trying it off.
trying it off.
• Tie off over the point. If the point extends beyond the knot, pull it up to apply the
• Tie off over the point. If the point extends beyond the knot, pull it up to apply the
desired pressure. Fold it downward and tuck under the knot.
desired pressure. Fold it downward and tuck under the knot.
BANDAGES -1
BANDAGES -1
Roller & Triangular Bandage is applied:-
Roller & Triangular Bandage is applied:-
(a) To retain dressing and splints in position and to immobilize fractured limbs. Knots should never be tied over a fracture.
(a) To retain dressing and splints in position and to immobilize fractured limbs. Knots should never be tied over a fracture.
(b) To afford support to an injured part (e.g. sprained ankle) or in the form of a . sling.
(b) To afford support to an injured part (e.g. sprained ankle) or in the form of a . sling.
(c) To control bleeding.
(c) To control bleeding.
(d) To reduce or prevent swelling.
(d) To reduce or prevent swelling.
(e) To assist in the lifting and carrying of casualties
(e) To assist in the lifting and carrying of casualties
Triangular bandages are made by cutting a piece of linen or calico, not less than
Triangular bandages are made by cutting a piece of linen or calico, not less than
thirty eight inches square, diagonally into two pieces, A triangular bandage has
thirty eight inches square, diagonally into two pieces, A triangular bandage has
three borders. The longest is called the “base” and the other two the “side”. There
three borders. The longest is called the “base” and the other two the “side”. There
are three corners; the upper one (opposite the base) is called “point” and the other
are three corners; the upper one (opposite the base) is called “point” and the other
the “ends” . The bandage may be applied:-
the “ends” . The bandage may be applied:-
(a) As a whole cloth spread out to its full extend, e.g., chest bandage.
(a) As a whole cloth spread out to its full extend, e.g., chest bandage.
(b) As a broad bandage made by bringing the point down to the center of the . . base and then folding he bandage again in the same direction .
(b) As a broad bandage made by bringing the point down to the center of the . . base and then folding he bandage again in the same direction .
(c) As narrow bandage made by folding the broad bandage once again in the . same direction .
(c) As narrow bandage made by folding the broad bandage once again in the . same direction .
It is sometimes advisable to halve the size of the triangular bandage by bringing the
It is sometimes advisable to halve the size of the triangular bandage by bringing the
two ends together before folding it into the broad or narrow bandage.
two ends together before folding it into the broad or narrow bandage.
To secure the ends of a bandage a reef knot
must be used.
For the Shoulder:
For the Shoulder:
Stand facing the casualty’s injured side and place the center of an open bandage on his shoulder, with the
Stand facing the casualty’s injured side and place the center of an open bandage on his shoulder, with the
point running up the side of the neck. Fold the hem inwards along the base, carry the ends round the middle
point running up the side of the neck. Fold the hem inwards along the base, carry the ends round the middle
of the arm, cross and tie them on the outer side so as to secure the lower border of the bandage. Apply an
of the arm, cross and tie them on the outer side so as to secure the lower border of the bandage. Apply an
arm sling. Turn down the point of the first bandage over the knot of the sling, draw it tight and pin it .
arm sling. Turn down the point of the first bandage over the knot of the sling, draw it tight and pin it .
For the Elbow:
For the Elbow:
Bend the casualty’s elbow to a right angle. Fold to narrow bandage, hen inwards along the base of an open
Bend the casualty’s elbow to a right angle. Fold to narrow bandage, hen inwards along the base of an open
bandage. Lay the point on the back of the upper arm and the middle of the base on the back of the forearm;
bandage. Lay the point on the back of the upper arm and the middle of the base on the back of the forearm;
Cross the ends in front of the elbow, then round the upper arm and tie above the elbow . Bring the point
Cross the ends in front of the elbow, then round the upper arm and tie above the elbow . Bring the point
down over the knot and elbow pin it. If it is not advisable to bend the elbow, a narrow or broad bandage
down over the knot and elbow pin it. If it is not advisable to bend the elbow, a narrow or broad bandage
should be used according to the needs of the case.
should be used according to the needs of the case.
For the Hand:
For the Hand:
place an open bandage under the palm the injury being uppermost with the point away from the casualty and
place an open bandage under the palm the injury being uppermost with the point away from the casualty and
the base of the bandage at the wrist. Bring the point over the hand to the wrist and after folding the hem
the base of the bandage at the wrist. Bring the point over the hand to the wrist and after folding the hem
inwards along the base of the bandage, pass the ends round the wrist, cross them and finally tie over the
inwards along the base of the bandage, pass the ends round the wrist, cross them and finally tie over the
point . Bring the point over the knot and pin it to the bandage over the hand. After the application of a dressing
point . Bring the point over the knot and pin it to the bandage over the hand. After the application of a dressing
and bandage for wounds of upper limb, a sling should support the limb.
and bandage for wounds of upper limb, a sling should support the limb.
For the Knee:
Bend the casualty’s knee to a right angle. Fold a narrow bandage hem inwards along
Bend the casualty’s knee to a right angle. Fold a narrow bandage hem inwards along
the base of an open bandage. Lay the point on his thigh and the middle of the base
the base of an open bandage. Lay the point on his thigh and the middle of the base
below his knee; cross the ends behind his knee, then round his thigh and tie above his
below his knee; cross the ends behind his knee, then round his thigh and tie above his
knee on the front of this thigh. Bring the point down over the knot and knee and pin it.
knee on the front of this thigh. Bring the point down over the knot and knee and pin it.
If it is not advisable to bend the knee a narrow or broad bandage should be used
If it is not advisable to bend the knee a narrow or broad bandage should be used
according to the needs of the case .
according to the needs of the case .
For the Foot:
For the Foot:
Place the casualty’s foot on the center of an open bandage, with his toes towards the point. Draw up the point
Place the casualty’s foot on the center of an open bandage, with his toes towards the point. Draw up the point
over his instep, bring the ends forward so that his heel is covered and cross them; pass the ends round the
over his instep, bring the ends forward so that his heel is covered and cross them; pass the ends round the
ankle, cross at back and then tie them in form. Draw the point forward and pin it to the bandage over the
ankle, cross at back and then tie them in form. Draw the point forward and pin it to the bandage over the
instep.
instep.
FIRST AID FOR CUTS AND SCRATCHES
FIRST AID FOR CUTS AND SCRATCHES
Things You’ll Need:
Things You’ll Need:
Water
Soap
Antibiotic cream
Adhesive bandage
Antiseptic (optional)
Step 1
Step 1
First and foremost, know when to seek medical attention:
First and foremost, know when to seek medical attention:
If your injury involves any of the following, contact a doctor:
If your injury involves any of the following, contact a doctor:
The cut is deep
The cut is long. Long cuts are considered to be approximately 1 inch when on . the hand or foot and 2 inches when elsewhere on the body.
The cut is jagged.
The injury involved a pet, especially a cat.
The injury involved a wild animal.
The injury is due to a bite, either human or animal.
The wound has debris stuck in it after cleansing.
The wound is bleeding heavily.
The wound will not stop bleeding after applying direct pressure for 10 minutes.
The injury is a puncture wound.
Also contact your doctor if you are overdue for a tetanus booster. For minor cuts,
Also contact your doctor if you are overdue for a tetanus booster. For minor cuts,
scratches and scrapes, be sure you have had at least three tetanus shots before
scratches and scrapes, be sure you have had at least three tetanus shots before
the injury and you are within 10 years of your last booster. For more serious cuts,
the injury and you are within 10 years of your last booster. For more serious cuts,
be sure you have had three tetanus shots before the injury and you are within 5
be sure you have had three tetanus shots before the injury and you are within 5
years of your last booster.
years of your last booster.
Step 2
Step 2
First aid when very little bleeding is involved:
First aid when very little bleeding is involved:
If a cut, scratch or scrape is minor and has very slight bleeding, the best first step is
If a cut, scratch or scrape is minor and has very slight bleeding, the best first step is
to clean the wound.
to clean the wound.
Rinse the cut, scratch or scrape under running cool to lukewarm water. If the cut is in
Rinse the cut, scratch or scrape under running cool to lukewarm water. If the cut is in
an area too difficult to get under a faucet, fill a clean cup or bottle with water and pour
an area too difficult to get under a faucet, fill a clean cup or bottle with water and pour
it over the wound.
it over the wound.
Use only mild soap, gently applied with a gauze pad or soft, clean cloth, when
Use only mild soap, gently applied with a gauze pad or soft, clean cloth, when
cleaning a cut, scratch or scrape. Be sure to remove all soap from the wound by
cleaning a cut, scratch or scrape. Be sure to remove all soap from the wound by
rinsing thoroughly. Do not use strong soaps when providing first aid to a cuts,
rinsing thoroughly. Do not use strong soaps when providing first aid to a cuts,
scratches or scrapes, as they can cause additional irritation to the injured area.
scratches or scrapes, as they can cause additional irritation to the injured area.
Under no circumstances should you use strong cleansers or detergents, such as
Under no circumstances should you use strong cleansers or detergents, such as
bleach, to clean your injury.
bleach, to clean your injury.
Step 3
Step 3
First aid when there is bleeding involved:
First aid when there is bleeding involved:
If a cut is minor and bleeding a little more heavily, your first step is to apply direct
If a cut is minor and bleeding a little more heavily, your first step is to apply direct
pressure to aid the blood in clotting. Use gauze or a clean, soft cloth and apply
pressure to aid the blood in clotting. Use gauze or a clean, soft cloth and apply
firm, but gentle, pressure for several minutes. Elevate the injured area above the
firm, but gentle, pressure for several minutes. Elevate the injured area above the
level of your heart whenever possible. If the blood begins to soak through the
level of your heart whenever possible. If the blood begins to soak through the
material, do not remove the gauze or cloth. Simply place another piece of gauze or
material, do not remove the gauze or cloth. Simply place another piece of gauze or
cloth on top of the one you are currently holding and continue to apply pressure.
cloth on top of the one you are currently holding and continue to apply pressure.
Cuts on the head, face and mouth usually bleed more heavily than minor cuts
Cuts on the head, face and mouth usually bleed more heavily than minor cuts
elsewhere on the body due to the large number of blood vessels contained in these
elsewhere on the body due to the large number of blood vessels contained in these
areas. Do not be alarmed. Keep applying pressure until the bleeding stops.
areas. Do not be alarmed. Keep applying pressure until the bleeding stops.
Once the bleeding is under control, gently remove the cloth and begin cleansing the
Once the bleeding is under control, gently remove the cloth and begin cleansing the
wound as outlined above. Bleeding may start again during the cleansing process.
wound as outlined above. Bleeding may start again during the cleansing process.
Use another clean cloth or gauze pad to apply pressure again when you are done
Use another clean cloth or gauze pad to apply pressure again when you are done
cleaning the wound.
cleaning the wound.
Step 4
Step 4
First aid when debris is involved:
First aid when debris is involved:
Many scrapes will have debris, such as gravel, sand or wood chips, embedded in
Many scrapes will have debris, such as gravel, sand or wood chips, embedded in
them. Increase the strength of the stream of the cleansing water to dislodge as
them. Increase the strength of the stream of the cleansing water to dislodge as
much debris as possible. Use a set of tweezers which have been thoroughly
much debris as possible. Use a set of tweezers which have been thoroughly
cleaned with rubbing alcohol to remove any debris that remains at the surface. Do
cleaned with rubbing alcohol to remove any debris that remains at the surface. Do
not dig for any deeply embedded items. Do not use brushes or rough washcloths,
not dig for any deeply embedded items. Do not use brushes or rough washcloths,
as doing so will cause more damage to the skin and increase the risk of infection. If
as doing so will cause more damage to the skin and increase the risk of infection. If
you cannot remove all the debris, seek the help of a medical professional.
you cannot remove all the debris, seek the help of a medical professional.
Step 5
Step 5
First aid with an antiseptic:
First aid with an antiseptic:
Hydrogen peroxide or other antiseptics are not needed for all wounds. Cleaning a
Hydrogen peroxide or other antiseptics are not needed for all wounds. Cleaning a
cut, scrape or scratch with hydrogen peroxide causes additional irritation to the
cut, scrape or scratch with hydrogen peroxide causes additional irritation to the
injury and can potentially kill off healthy cells needed for healing. Thoroughly
injury and can potentially kill off healthy cells needed for healing. Thoroughly
cleaning the wound as described above is usually enough. If the cut, scratch or
cleaning the wound as described above is usually enough. If the cut, scratch or
scrape occurred in a very dirty place or while handling items such as raw meat, a
scrape occurred in a very dirty place or while handling items such as raw meat, a
little hydrogen peroxide during the initial cleaning may be warranted. Be sure to
little hydrogen peroxide during the initial cleaning may be warranted. Be sure to
rinse thoroughly to prevent continued irritation.
rinse thoroughly to prevent continued irritation.
Step 6
Step 6
First aid using adhesive bandages:
First aid using adhesive bandages:
Opinions differ as to whether all cuts and scratches need to be bandaged. If the
Opinions differ as to whether all cuts and scratches need to be bandaged. If the
cut or scratch is in an area that will not become dirty, it is fine to leave it
cut or scratch is in an area that will not become dirty, it is fine to leave it
uncovered. Apply a topical antibiotic cream a couple times a day to keep it moist
uncovered. Apply a topical antibiotic cream a couple times a day to keep it moist
and fight infection.
and fight infection.
If the cut or scratch is on an area that will easily become dirty (a hand or foot) or
If the cut or scratch is on an area that will easily become dirty (a hand or foot) or
an area that will be irritated by clothing (a knee), apply an adhesive bandage or
an area that will be irritated by clothing (a knee), apply an adhesive bandage or
gauze and medical tape. Continue to use a bandage in these areas for 7 to 10
gauze and medical tape. Continue to use a bandage in these areas for 7 to 10
days, or until the injury is well healed.
days, or until the injury is well healed.
Due to the fact scrapes dry out easily and can cause scarring, bandages are
Due to the fact scrapes dry out easily and can cause scarring, bandages are
generally recommended for them. Extra large adhesive bandages are available in
generally recommended for them. Extra large adhesive bandages are available in
stores. You can also use sterile gauze and medical tape to cover the area.
stores. You can also use sterile gauze and medical tape to cover the area.
Bandages hold in moisture, which aids in healing. This same moisture also provides
Bandages hold in moisture, which aids in healing. This same moisture also provides
the perfect breeding ground for any bacteria left in the wound. Always use a topical
the perfect breeding ground for any bacteria left in the wound. Always use a topical
antibiotic cream when using a bandage. Change the bandage daily, or if it becomes
antibiotic cream when using a bandage. Change the bandage daily, or if it becomes
wet or dirty. Reapply the antibiotic cream with each bandage change.
wet or dirty. Reapply the antibiotic cream with each bandage change.
Step 7
Step 7
Follow up to first aid:
Follow up to first aid:
Watch your cut, scratch or scrape for any sign of infection while it heals. Contact
Watch your cut, scratch or scrape for any sign of infection while it heals. Contact
your doctor if you see any signs of infection or if the wound looks odd to you in any
your doctor if you see any signs of infection or if the wound looks odd to you in any
way. Signs of infection include:
way. Signs of infection include:
Pain in the wound or in the surrounding area
Pain in the wound or in the surrounding area
Redness and warmth around the wound
Redness and warmth around the wound
Swelling in the area of the wound
Swelling in the area of the wound
Pus draining from the injury
Pus draining from the injury
Red streaks form around the injury
Red streaks form around the injury
Fever
Fever
CONTENTS OF FIRST AID
CONTENTS OF FIRST AID
First Aid Kit Contents List
First Aid Kit Contents List
The first aid kit contents should consist of all the basic essentials needed to treat an
The first aid kit contents should consist of all the basic essentials needed to treat an
injury. Prepare a first aid kit contents list and cross check it with a medical
injury. Prepare a first aid kit contents list and cross check it with a medical
practitioner. Visit the local drug store and buy proper quantity of requirements
practitioner. Visit the local drug store and buy proper quantity of requirements
according to the first aid kit contents list. The following first aid kits contents should
according to the first aid kit contents list. The following first aid kits contents should
be present in your kit.
be present in your kit.
Bar of soap
2-inch roller bandage
1-inch roller bandage
1-inch adhesive
3-by-3-inch sterile pads
Triangular bandage
Assorted gauze pads
Adhesive strips
Oral thermometer
Scissors
Tweezers
Sunburn lotion
Lip salve
Poison-ivy lotion
Small flashlight (with extra batteries and bulb)
Absorbent cotton
Iodine tablets
Safety pins
Needles
Paper cups
Foot powder
Instant ice packs
Insect repellent
Insect sting swabs
Matches
Oil of Cloves
Hot-water bottle
Alcohol wipes
Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen
Gloves
1 blanket (space blanket)
1 blanket (space blanket)
Antibiotic Cream
Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)
Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)
First aid instruction booklet
List of emergency phone numbers
AIMS OF FIRST AID
The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points:
Preserve life – the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives
Prevent further harm – also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery – first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process
from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound
THE ‘HAND SIGNALS, WHISTLE SIGNALS & WOODCRAFT SIGNS’
WOOD CRAFT SIGNS
The trail should be one which an observant scout can follow easily, but which an ordinary person would not even see!
* Make the signs on the right hand side of any track you may be following.
* The signs should be close to the ground or at least no higher than the knee.
* They should be regularly spaced.
* If more than one person is to follow a trail, the earlier ones must not spoil the trail for the others. The last person should destroy the signs when he has finished.
* The signs need not be large – about as big as your hand
* Make sure your signs can be recognised as man made. It is surprising how often twigs lying naturally on the ground look like an arrow.
HAND AND WHISTLE SIGNALS
Whistle Signals
When a Scoutmaster wants to call the Troop together he whistles “The Scout Call”, or uses a special Troop call.
Patrol Leaders thereupon call together their Patrols by giving their Patrol call. Then they take their Patrol “at the double” to the Scoutmaster.
Here are some whistle signals for Scout wide games.
One long blast means “Silence”, “Alert”; “Look out for my next signal”.
A succession of long, slow blasts means “Go out”, “Get farther away”, or “Advance”, “Extend,” “Scatter”.
A succession of short, sharp blasts means “Rally”, “Close in”,”Come together”, “Fall in”.
A succession of short and long blasts alternately means “Alarm”,”Look out”, “Be ready”, “Man your alarm posts”.
Three short blasts followed by one long one from the Scoutmaster calls up the Patrol Leaders-i.e., “Leaders come here”.
Any signal must be instantly obeyed at the double as fast as you can run-no matter what other job you may be doing at the time.
Hand Signals
Hand Signals-which can also be made by Patrol Leaders with their Patrol flags when necessary.
Hand waved several times across the face from side to side, or flag waved horizontally from side to side opposite the face means “No”, “Never mind”, “As you were”.
Hand or flag held high, and waved very slowly from side to side, at full extent of arm means “Extend”, “Go farther out”, “Scatter”.
Hand or flag held high, and waved quickly from side to side at full extent of arm means “Close in”, “Rally”, “Come here”.
Hand or flag pointing in any direction, means “Go in that direction”.
Clenched hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times means “Run”.
Hand or flag held straight up over head, means “Stop”, “Halt”.
THE ‘WHIPPING, KNOTS AND HITCHES
SHEET BEND
Sheet Bend (Flag Bend, Common Bend)
The Sheetbend is commonly used to tie two ropes of unequal thickness together. The thicker rope of the two is used to form a bight, and the thinner rope is passed up through the bight, around the back of the bight, and then tucked under itself.
The knot should be tied with both ends coming off the same side of the bend, as illustrated here. However it can easily be accidentally tied with the ends coming off opposite sides of the bend, when it is known as the Left Handed Sheet Bend. The Left Handed Sheet Bend is to be avoided as it is less secure.
Tip. If the ropes are of very unequal thickness, or placed under a lot of tension, use a Double Sheetbend.
SHEEP SHANK
The Sheepshank is a shortening knot, which enables a rope to be shortened non-destructively.
The knot is only really secure under tension, it will fall apart when slack. (See tip below.)
Tip. Use up to five half hitches each end of the Sheepshank to make the knot more secure, and for fine tuning the shortening.
Tip. Never cut ropes to shorten them! Always use a shortening knot such as the Sheepshank, or coil the excess.
ROUND A TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES
Round turn and two half hitches
Used to secure a rope to a pole, or to start or finish a lashing. Pass the running end of the rope over the pole twice. Then pass the running end over the standing part of rope, and tuck it back up and under itself, forming a half hitch. Repeat this for a second half hitch.
This knot has a redeeming feature – it rarely jams!
Tip. Superior to a Clove Hitch for starting and finishing a lashing as the half hitches prevent this knot from unrolling, as they have the effect of locking the knot. The Clove Hitch looks neater (!) but it has a tendancy to unroll, and can be difficult to tie tightly when tying off.
REEF KNOT
An excellent general purpose knot for tying two pieces of string or twine together, the reef knot is possibly the most commonly used knot for the job, and is easy to learn. However, it cannot be overly stressed that the Reef knot is not a long term or secure knot, and it should only be used to finish parcels or bindings. In other cases, use a more secure method of bending two ropes together, such as a Sheetbend, a Double Sheetbend, or a Fisherman’s Knot.
Unfortunately, the Reef knot can easily change into a slipping Lark’s Head (see below), so it should never be used where life or limb are at risk.
Holding one end of each rope in each hand, pass the left rope over the right, and tuck under. Then pass the same rope, now in the right hand, over the left rope, and tuck under.
It is common to chant “Left over Right and Under, Right over Left and Under” when tying the knot. (This can also be performed as “Right over Left and Under, Left over Right and Under”.)
The reef knot can easliy be undone by gripping one loose end, and pulling it back over the knot, in the opposite direction, thus straightening the rope which is pulled. The other rope forms a Lark’s Head knot, and slips off the tugged rope.
The knot gets its name from its use on sailing ships, when the sails were “reefed” – rolled up and tied to the cross spar with a reef knot. To release the sail, the sailors would climb the rigging, and work their way along the cross spar, pulling the top end of the reef knot down. They only had to use one hand, holding on with the other. The weight of the sail would cause the reef knot to slip, and the sail would be released.
Tip. If you want to tie two ropes together of similar thickness then never use a Reef knot. Only use it with string and twine when tying parcels, whippings and bindings.
Tip. Never use this knot to join ropes of two different thicknesses.
FISHER's KNOT
Fisherman’s knot (Angler’s knot, English knot, Englishman’s bend, Halibut knot, True Lover’s bend, Waterman’s knot)
The Fisherman’s knot is used to tie two ropes of equal thickness together. It is used by fishermen to join fishing line, and is very effective with small diameter strings and twines.
Tie a Thumb knot, in the running end of the first rope around the second rope. Then tie a thumb knot in the second rope, around the first rope. Note the Thumb knots are tied such they lie snugly against each other when the standing ends are pulled.
Tip: When tying knots in monofilament line, moisten the line before pulling the knot tight. This helps to stop the line heating up with friction, which weakens it.
BOWLINE KNOT
A commonly used knot to tie a loop in the end of a rope. It has the advantage of not jamming, compared to some other loop forming knots (for example when using an overhand knot on a large bight to form a loop).
Form a small loop (the direction is important), and pass the free end of the knot up through the loop, around behind the standing part of the rope, and back down through the loop.
A chant used by many to remember this knot is “The rabbit comes out of the hole, round the tree, and back down the hole again”, where the hole is the small loop, and the rabbit is the running end of the rope.
In the same way that a Left Handed Sheet bend is a Sheet bend that has the running end of the rope coming out of the wrong side of the knot, a cowboy bowline is a bowline that also has the running end of the rope coming out of the wrong side of the knot. It suffers the same problems as the left handed sheet bend.
Tip. Don’t be afraid to use this knot to form a loop of any size in rope.
Tip. To quickly identify if you have tied the Bowline normal or left handed, check to see that the running end exits the knot on the inside of the loop.
Tip. For added security, finish the knot with a stop knot such as a Figure of Eight knot to remove any possibility of the Bowline slipping.
Tip. If you use this knot in a man carrying situation – perhaps a rescue where a harness is unavailable – then you MUST use a stop knot as mentioned above.
CLOVE HITCH
Use to attach a rope to a pole, this knot provide a quick and secure result. It rarely jams, and can in fact suffer from the hitch unrolling under tension if the pole can turn. Often used to start and finish lashings.
With practice, this can be easily tied with one hand – especially useful for sailors!
Tip. If you are in a situation where the clove hitch may unroll, add a couple of half hitches with the running end to the standing end of the knot, turning it into a “Clove Hitch and Two Half Hitches”!
Tip. When pioneering, use the Round turn and two half hitches to start and finish your lashings instead of the Clove Hitch. It won’t unroll, and is easier to finish tying off. It just does not look so neat!
WHIPPING
Whipping:
Whipping the end of a rope will make it look nicer and keep it from unravelling. This will help the rope to last longer.
Step 1
Cut a piece of twine about 12 inches long for each end of the rope.
Step 2
Make a loop of the twine, and lay the portion of the loop along side the end of the rope, with one end of the twine extending past the end of the rope.
Step 3
Holding one side of the loop, start wrapping the loop around the end of the rope about a half inch back. Wrap the twine aroudn the end of the rope about 10 or 12 times.
Step 4
Pull the two ends of the twine. This should pull the twine tight and secure.
Step 5
Trim ends of the twine.
Step 6
Repeat for other end of rope
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