The understanding of the way electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and networks including the internet can connect together.
Included in this site are many examples of how to get the IoT working.
Information is passed remotely from sensors or devices such as mobile phones to control other devices, this achieved by sending data across networks and the Internet, a great development are cheap electronic microprocessor based devices that can communicate over WiFi or Ethernet and also rerouted anywhere in the world across the Internet. This is great for controlling Home automation devices such as lights, heating, Garage Doors and anything that can be turn on or off you can imagine.
Again any electronic input device and sensors can be connected as part of the Internet of Things.
Two easy methods are using the internet either from using simple web servers that can be programmed directly into these microprocessor devices or by using them to forwarded data using third party databases for internet cloud severs similar to Web site Hosting providers that can then be set up o forward this data to your output devices including mobile phones, your PC or directly to your internet enabled lights, heating, your own electronic device etc, normally simply using your WiFi.
IoT Data streaming services
PubNub is a free data up to 100 IoT devices and 1 million messages a month
Note if your device sends an update every 3 seconds this will use up your monthly quota.
You can even use speech input devices like Amazon Echo to control your IoT devices, there are many apps that will do this for free.
Interesting insight to the future
There are many cloud services for IoT data storage and forwarding from anywhere in this world.
Note using Cloud based data will slow response times compared to local WiFi or Ethernet links.
For small projects here are some Free services with limited data
Adafruit https://io.adafruit.com/
Blynk.Cloud
and many others
IFTTT Google Assistant https://ifttt.com/
Programming IoT
try MIT App Inventor Blocks-based coding programs
Making your own PCBs
Design tools
PCB prototype supplier
For PCB design and cheap PCBs
try
Where to prototype 5 PCBs for $2 + postage : https://jlcpcb.com
SEE also MQTT