The Numismatic Museum
*****************
This web page was created by the braintumorguy, in Athens, GREECE.
please make a Small Donation, in my fight against my Brain Tumor which is Growing, ((( for more information about me, please visit my MEDICAL web page
https://sites.google.com/site/niactec/homeenglish )))
==========
===========
===========
===========
... Why the Greeks?
( please using the right click of your mouse, and Open Link in Next Private Window, )
and
... WHY THE GREEKS? - The BEST COLLECTION of PODCASTS and YOUTUBE VIDEOS for
( please using the right click of your mouse, and Open Link in Next Private Window, )
========
****************
Ancient Greek numismatics
ncient coins, products of mass production, provide great information about the era in which they belong, the economic situation and the monetary policy of the state that published them, as well as about the relevant constitutional changes, the commercial contacts, the removals of the troops etc. At the same time, they provide us useful information about various masterpieces of art lost in time, as well as about architectural creations that were not saved through the years.
The transactions through exchanging things dominated in the ancient trade for centuries. The disadvantage was that the purchaser should have allocated goods of equal value with those that he would buy. Up to the installation of nomads in permanent residences, commercial transactions were based on the system of exchanges redundant goods.From the 3rd millennium B.C. however metals began replacing the animals in dealings, as being less bulk, more functional, more durable. In shapeless masses or in the form of the hide of an ox, in forms of rings, tripods or weapons, they were offered as gifts or were used as an assure of weighting.One of these first characteristic means of transaction were the iron spits, theoveloi, the bars that were used for the roasting of meats.
The growth of trade and the economic robustness, at the same time with the needs to pay the mercenaries, taxes, duties,but also the storing up of the surplus, were factors that intensified the need for more flexible economic transactions. Thus coins were invented, small, determined in size, with a precise value, resolving the problem of transactions of any scale.
Modern science considers that ancient Ionia and Lydia were the places where the coin was invented, in the second half of the 7th century B.C. The coin, an item of metal which was weighted and checked, had on its upper side the impressed seal of the king, the god or the symbol of the city that was in charge for this monetary publication. The first currencies of the Hellenized Lydia were made from amber, a metal with content of 73% in gold and 27% in silver, with hardness greater than that of the gold, emanating from the shores of Paktolos and Ermos river. Thus the Greek civilization was the main shaper of the monetary horizon in antiquity.
At the same time, coins were cut in the Ionian cities. In the means of the 6th century B.C. the cutting of coins was diffused anywhere in Greece, with the island of Aegina being the pioneer which cut coins at 570 B.C. The cities of Corinthus and Athens followed.
The first currencies were decorated in their upper side with various representations, while in the back side they were always decorated with the so called egkoilo tetragono. Progressively the symbols of the cities, the depictions of gods that protected the city, the characteristic wealth-producing products of the region, were established as types on the coins. All these depictions generally made clear the origin of these currencies in question, functioning as the so calledlaloun sima for each city.
The metals used for the ancient Greek coins were gold, silver, copper, the alloys of copper and iron. The king of Lydia Kroisos, in the last quarter of the 6th century, was the first that adopted the bimetallism, that is to say the use of golden and silver currencies at the same time. In general most Greek cities cut silver coins. The use of copper in monetary production was generalized by the means of the 4th B.C. and that concerned mainly the subdivisions of smaller value.
The techniques for the production of coins were based in a simple method, with the use of a small number of tools, by limited personnel in relatively small laboratories. The method that was used was the following: The engravers engraved two seals, one for the emprosthotypos (main side of the coin) and one for the opisthotypos (back side of the coin).These seals were of iron or of a particularly hard copper with great content in tin. Unfortunately very few of these seals have been revealed.
The craftsman heated the virgin coin, the so called petal, the metal clod, and with the help of a pincer, he then placed it in the akmon, where the front seal, the akmoniskos, that is to say the bronze uterus of the front side of the coin, was wedged firmly. Afterwards he placed on it the character, the engraved seal of the back side of the coin. Then he strongly struck the character using a hammer and the virgin coin was after that altered in a regular coin.
According to modern calculations, a seal could be used for about 15000 cuttings. The manufacture of petals were made either by casting the metal in round moulds or by cutting the metal bars in specific pieces. Many times the ancient coins were heated again and again so that to accept new types, and in that case the coins were called epikekommena.
The tools that were used for the production of ancient coins, were simple: a balance in order to weight the virgin coins, a chisel, for the engraving of each representation on the metals, the akmoniskos, the character, the hammers and the pincer so that the craftsman could remove the heated, virgin coin:the Petal.
for more information please visit the following web page
****************
This web page was created by the braintumorguy, in Athens, GREECE. please make a Small Donation, in my fight against my Brain Tumor which is Growing,
A
www.paypal.com my email account: braintumor2014@gmail.com
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
(1) 2015-08-15 me and King Leonidas of Sparta, Greece, in front of the Acropolis Museum, in Athens, Greece.
(2) 2015-11-22 in front of the Acropolis, in Athens, Greece.
(3) 2015-11-26 in Athens GREECE, in Syntagma Square in front the Parliament Building. - in between the water fountain and the Christmas Tree.
(4) 2016-05-01 me and my Masters, the Great Ancient Greek Philosophers Plato, and Aristotle.
(5) 2016-05-30 Beautiful Greece & the Greek Islands from Space on a beautiful clear day. Thank you NASA.
for more information about me, please visit my main web page
==========
2016-10-16 : the website is under construction.
==========
*****************
"Every nation is proud of his spiritual possession. But the Greek race standing taller than any other, because ithas the merit to be the mother of all civilization. "
Ulrich von Wilamowitz Mðllendorf, (1848-1931), German philologist, a leading interpreter of the ancient Greek civilization.
Whenever we speak of ancient Greece and the achievements of their civilization, we inevitably find ourselves asking the question “Why the Greeks?” What was it that led this numerically small people of the Mediterranean to emerge first from the Archaic stage, in which all other ancient peoples were at a standstill, and strive towards the accomplishments of the Classical period?
To explain the singularity of ancient Greek civilization, we identify something that no other people had at the time as the baseline value of the ancient Greeks: the capacity to question. That is to say, while the predominant values of other peoples could be summed up in the view that “we must hand down to our children the world we inherited from our forefathers,” the ancient Greeks were the first to challenge this perception, by submitting to judgment those ideologies and convictions that had been passed on to them. This is the common starting point for philosophy and democracy.
But such questioning at the time, unlike today, was far from the norm; it could not have appeared on its own, as it presupposes an inner tendency of people to wish to surpass certain limits. And this disposition for transcendence goes hand-in-hand with the element of competition: the desire to be tested, to confront, change, overturn and improve. In such a context, extrapolating our thoughts, one could say that a key concept for understanding and explaining ancient Greek civilization is the idea of agon (struggle, contest, competition).
Thus, questioning and agon were part of a single viewpoint, an overall life stance, which pervaded all manifestations of ancient Greek life, permeated all activities and was the driving force behind all expression of culture. In ancient Greek society, the concept of agon underlay the view that anything can be achieved as the result of effort, healthy rivalry and noble competition.
Often called the "birthplace of civilisation", Ancient Greece heralded numerous advances in philosophy, science, engineering and mathematics which have shaped our understanding of the modern world.
Western civilization has been influenced by many cultures, but his birth took place in ancient Greece. Apart from philosophers such as Aristotle and Socrates, Olympian gods, the beginnings of democracy and conquerors such as Alexander the Great, Greece brought as a contribution to mankind cool ideas that enriched the art of architecture and construction.
*****************
Heritage of history reflected in these postage 1890-1940
*****************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
WEB RING
----------
and for more information, please switch to the same webpage in English -
( please using the right click of your mouse, and Open Link in Next Private Window, )
----------
y para más información, cambie por favor a la misma página web enespañol -
(por favor usando el clic derecho de su ratón, y elvínculo abierto en la ventana privada siguiente,)
----------
et pour plus d'information, commutez svp à la même page Web en français -
(svp utilisant le droit - clic de votre souris, et le lien ouvert dans la prochaine fenêtreprivée,)
----------
und zu mehr Information, schalten Sie bitte zur gleichen Webseite auf Deutsch -
(bitte unter Verwendung des Rechtsklicks Ihrer Maus und öffnen Sie Link im Folgenden privatenFenster,)
e per più informazioni, commuti prego alla stessa pagina Web in italiano -
(per favore facendo uso del cliccare con il pulsante destro del mouse del vostro mouse e delcollegamento aperto in finestra privata seguente,)
----------
e para mais informação, comute por favor ao mesmo Web page noportuguês -
(por favor usando o direito - clique de seu rato, e a relação aberta na janela privada seguinte,)
----------
και για περισσότερες πληροφορίες, παρακαλώ μεταπηδήστε στην ίδιαιστοσελίδα στα ελληνικά -
( παρακαλώ χρησιμοποιώντας το δεξιό κλικ του mouse, ανοίξτε τον επόμενο σύνδεσμο
( ιστοσελίδα ) σε ξεχωριστό παράθυρο προς τα δεξιά, )
Φιλοσοφία Ελληνική Αρχαία στην Ελληνική Γλώσσα
----------
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
we WELCOME YOUR ADS, CLASSIFIEDS, ADVERTISING, CLASSIFIED ADS ...
OUR SITE IS YOUR PLACE ...
MAXIMIZE YOUR EXPOSURE BY USING THE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE SERVICES BELOW !
ARE YOU SEARCHING FOR THE PERFECT LOCATION FOR INTERNET ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ?
Advertise your product or service using our WEB PAGE !
* All Traffic in our site consists of totally unique visitors for FULL CAMPAIGN PERIOD !
* You can DRAMATICALLY IMPROVE YOUR BUSINESS
* We offer wide selection of categories to select from ... including Business, Marketing, Shopping, Health, and much more !
* YOU CAN USE OUR SITE TO MARKET ALL OF YOUR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES !
* OUR SITE IS THE MOST COST-EFFICIENT WAY TO REACH THE MASSES THAT HAS EVER EXISTED !
* TARGETED TRAFFIC TO YOUR SITE GUARANTEED !
PLEASE CONTACT OUR ADS ASSISTANT. email IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE :
and please send a text message to my mobile phone 0030 6942686838
( 0030 is the international area code of Greece )
in order I connect into the INTERNET and to my www.gmail.com email account and to reply to your email, withing the next 24 hours.
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*****************************************************
( English ) the StatCounter was installed on 2016-05-14, 17:30 p.m. GMT
( Greek ) ( Ελληνικά ) Ο μετρητής εγκαταστάθηκε την 14-05-2016 19:30 μ.μ. ώρα Ελλάδας
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
***************************************************************