John Baines
John Baines and Family,
from squalid, disease ridden East End of London to the marked beauty of rivers, farm land and sunsets in Fall River, Massachusetts.
CONTENTS:
· Shoreditch Board of Guardians Correspondence
· John’s Story
· More Tables
· Acknowledgements
· Bibliography\Links
· Further Reading\Links
· Endnotes
The following is the results of research into John Baines' quest to migrate to the United States; extracted from the correspondence of the Shoreditch Board of Guardians, [SHBG] dated June, July and August, 1884.
· Shoreditch Board of Guardians Correspondence
John Baines had asked the Guardians for sum of £10, to enable him, with his family to emigrate to Fall River, Massachusetts.[1] In the case of any extra expenses occurring, the Guardians were assured that they would be met by a Mrs. Tomkinson of 28, James Street, Buckingham Gate.[2]
That was not an unrealistic request, for the correspondence states, that John and his family had previously lived Fall River. They had only returned to England due to ill-health on John’s part, from which he had fully recovered and was then eager to return. John also stated that he had relatives in Fall River who had assured him that he did not need to fear being out of work as employment would be readily available for him in the local cotton mills.[3]
That must have been welcome news for John, as at that time he was receiving outdoor relief. [Receiving relief whilst still living in his own home, as opposed to receiving indoor relief in a workhouse.][4]
Shoreditch Workhouse main building from the south-east, 2001.[5]
The Guardians then wrote to the Local Government Board, Whitehall (LGB) explaining that John Baines had requested a grant of £10 towards the cost of his migration to Fall River, Massachusetts, United States and were seeking permission from the LGB to pay the £10.[6]
The Guardians also wrote to His Excellency, The Honorable J. R. Lowell, Legation of the United States, asking for his opinion on John migrating when taking into consideration that not only was John deaf and dumb but that he was also a pauper.[7] [Follow the links in the further reading section to find out about life for those with a disability in the nineteenth century.] Mr Lowell replied to the LGB (rather than direct to the Guardians), that they could not authorise Baines emigration and suggested contacting Fall River for their approval.[8]
The LGB then wrote to the Guardians explaining the reply which they had received from the United States Ambassador. The Guardians were instructed that if they wished to pursue the matter they should contact Fall River themselves.[9]
After having corresponded with Fall River [not filed with this correspondence] the Guardians then wrote to the LGB stating they had received a communication from the Overseers of the City of Fall River in which they refused to accept John and his family and consequently they will not be granting any money to John and his family for the purposes of migration to the United States.[10]
What a blow that must have been for John; one wonders what the family decided to do and if they were ever able to migrate.
· John’s Story
Firstly, let us take a look at the peripheral players in John’s story: Mrs. Tomkinson and Mr Lowell. Research in the 1881 and 1891 London censuses for a Mrs. Tomkinson of Buckingham Gate, so far has not yielded any results (nor did searching for alternative spellings of her surname). Was she a relative of John or perhaps she was of a philanthropic persuasion, and was moved to help John Baines and his family to remove themselves from poverty in London to a more comfortable life in the United States.
Next is Mr Lowell (1819-1891). Mr James Russell Lowell was the United States Ambassador to Britain (1880-1885), having previously held the position as Ambassador in Spain (1877). He was appointed on 26Jan1880 until 19May1885. The address for the Legation was Members Mansions, Victoria Street SW.
Lowell was a renowned American poet, belonging to the group known as the Fireside Poets. He was a fervent abolitionist, appointed Professor of Modern Languages and Literature at Harvard and godfather to Virginia Woolfe. [11] [fig]
Mr James R. Lowell, American Ambassador. James Russell Lowell engraving by J.A.J. Wilcox circa 189
John's early life: In 1851 John aged 15, a servant, was living at home with his mum and dad, Rebecca Baines and John Baines, plus one brother: David, aged 12, and two sisters: Jane, aged 9 and Elizabeth, aged 1. John’s dad was a Tripe Dresser and his mum a Weaveress on a hand-loom. The Tripe trade was one of the nuisances that Gavin mentions in Sanitary Ramblings.
[20]
All you wanted to know about tripe… see Further Reading section.
There were two other families at number 1, Virginia Row, totalling sixteen occupants – seven adults and nine children. All were born in either Surrey or Middlesex.
Next door to number 1, Virgina Row was the Turk’s Head Public House.[21]
Became part of Brick Lane – demolished circa 1962.
In 1861 John age 30, a Coal Porter, was lodging at 1, Ramsey Street West, Bethnal Green.
[22]
In 1861, there were nineteen other residents at 1, Ramsey Street West. Fourteen were born in Bethnal Green, two in Hertfordshire, and one each in Berkshire, Bristol, Lancashire and Norfolk. Was John in 1, Ramsey Street living in a Common Lodging House - was it similar to this picture of one in Field Lane?
Lodging House in Field Lane. 1848[19]
[23]
In 1871 John age 38, a Coal Porter and his wife, Mary a Box Maker, were living in Warner Place South, Bethnal Green.
[24]
There were seven other families at Warner Place, totalling twenty occupants. Eighteen were born in Bethnal Green\Spitafields, plus one born in Hertfordshire and one in Essex. Occupations listed in the 1851, 1861 and 1871 censuses: Tripe Dresser, Handloom Weaveress, Coal Porter, Box Maker, Silk Weaver, gilder, Servant, Laborer, Bedstead Maker, Boot Binder, Cordwainer.
[25]
John Baines’ wife, Mary, and children did manage to emigrate to Fall River. I could not though, find any record of John accompanying them or of him living in Fall River or even of him living in London. [Census records for London and Fall River were searched plus out-bound passenger lists and naturalisation records]
How did Mary and her children fare?
They are showing in United States records, although sadly Mary is listed as a widow- a widow in 1896 living in Bedford Street, Fall River. In the US 1900 census Mary, a widow was living with three of her girls: Jessie H.W., Lydia and Mabel B, at 120, Ratcliffe Street. [26]
‘Bedford Street, Fall River’[27] During 1896 many streets in Rapid Fall were re-named and re-numbered
The girls followed their father’s dream, for three girls are listed in the US census as cotton weavers, and they were also following their grandmother's profession of a weaveress. Mary though, is not shown as having an occupation, hopefully, she was well and was looking after the girls and their family home.[28]
Spoolers in a Mill, Rapid Fall’.[29]
Weave Room of a Fall River Cotton Mill’[30]
Extensive research then led me to marriages for four of the girls: Matilda, Jessie, Mabel and Mary. Thanks to the US marriage records, which list mother’s maiden name, their mum’s maiden name is listed as Russell.
What was it about Fall River that attracted John and his family?
In the SHBG Correspondence, it notes that:
‘he has relatives at Fall River who inform him that he could at once obtain work at the cotton mills there’. Why did his relatives feel so confident that he could find employment in the cotton mills? Did a relative own a mill or have a managerial position in one?
The ‘History of Fall River’ (1911) answered some of the above questions. [Although 1911 is twenty seven years after John’s application for a £10 grant, the following would still apply.]
In Fall River in 1880 there were 47, 883 mill workers, in 1900 104, 863 and in 1911, Fall River had over 100 mills. I think we can safely assume that John could have easily found employment in a cotton mill in Fall River.
Mills along the Quequechan River, Fall River
Fall River was not only the largest centre for cotton manufacturing in the U.S. it was also home to the largest printing company in the U.S., the American Printing Company.[31] [fig]
American Printing Co, Fall River.
The Baines family may well have been thankful to leave the over-crowded slum areas of Bethnal Green and head for the uncongested Fall River. By 1911, Bethnal Green’s 750 acres was home to 128,000 residents, whereas Fall River's 41 square miles was home to 120,000 residents.[32]
[33]
Fall River would have been a striking contrast to Bethnal Green [perhaps it still is], for the History of Fall River states:
‘… winters not severe, summers cool… views of marked beauty across the bay and surrounding rivers and farm land… [and if that was not enough] the inhabitants of Fall River could view stunning sunsets.’[34]
Sunset over Fall River, Massachusetts.[35]
John, it may be deduced, was trying to do the best for himself and his family by moving from the squalid conditions of the East End of London to Fall River, and that he did not allow his disability to hold back his ambitions.
Please scroll down for tables, footnotes, acknowledgements, bibliography and further reading.
· More Tables
[36]
Answers to the following anyone?
What was John’s fate - did he manage to emigrate to Fall River?
What relatives did John have in Fall River?
How did he fare with his disability?
Had he attended a school for the deaf?
Who was Mrs Tomkinson?
What illness was John suffering (as stated in the correspondence)?
Why did he feel the need return to England to recuperate?
When did he first migrate?
US census of 1900 it states that Mary had arrived in 1875 and that she had lived there for 25 years… Had Mary emigrated the first time with John?
Acknowledgements
American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA, USA .With grateful thanks to the American Textile History Museum for permission to reproduce this image: Weave Room of a Fall River Cotton Mill Fall River, Mass. (Osborne Library, American Textile History Museum, 491 Dutton Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.)
Fall River Public Library. Works produced before 1923 and works produced by a U.S. government agency are considered to be in the public domain. You should cite your sources for clarity, but no special permission is needed.
Massachusetts Archives, Register of Vital Records – Indices – 1841-1920, Courtesy of the Massachusetts Archives.
The National Archives. With grateful thanks to The National Archives for their permission to make use of the following Crown Copyright material: - transcriptions of the Board of Guardians, Shoreditch, the BMD Indexes and census records.
Alexey Sergeev, with thanks to Alexey Sergeev for permission to use his image of a sunset at Fall River, Ma.
World Through The Lens, With thanks to World Through The Lens for permission to quote from their Obscure Old English Census Occupations.
· Bibliography
THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
Shoreditch Board of Guardians [SHBG] to London Government Board [LGB], Whitehall, MH 12/7743 62956, 24\5Jun1884.
SHBG to J. R. Lowell, American Ambassador to UK., MH 12/7743, 30Jun1884.
J. R. Lowell, American Ambassador to UK to LGB, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 65716, 01July1884.
LGB, Whitehall to SHBG., MH 12/7743, 2956, 08Jul1884.
SHBG to LGB, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 62956, 26Aug1884.
HOME OFFICE:
England and Wales Census 1851 HO 107/1539/179/1.
GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE:
England and Wales Census 1861 RG09 261/85/31.
England and Wales Census 1871 RG10 493/102/4.
MASSACHUSETTS ARCHIVES
Register of Vital Records – Indices – 1841-1920, HS6.07/Series 1411, Massachusetts Archives, Boston, Massachusetts. [accessed through https://familysearch.org/]
UNITED STATES ARCHIVES
United States Census Bureau , 1900 United States Census, Fall River, Massachusetts., 154\12. http://www.census.gov/
Govtrack.us., H.R. 613 (33rd), Jan 2 1855, 33rd Congress, 1853–1855.
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/33/hr206130
US IMMIGRATION ACTS
Sara Starkweather, The University of Washington-Bothell Library, US immigration legislation online, 1864 Immigration Act, (2007), (22Apr2016).
http://library.uwb.edu/static/usimmigration/1864_immigration_act.html [An Act to encourage immigration.]
Sara Starkweather, The University of Washington-Bothell Library, US immigration legislation online, 1882 Immigration Act, [Summary By Michael Borrego], (2007), (22Apr2016). http://library.uwb.edu/static/usimmigration/1882_immigration_act.html [An act to regulate immigration.]
BOOKS
Fall River Directory 1896 Volume 27, (Boston, Ma., Sampson, Murdoch & Co., 1896), (11Apr2016). https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-90100/compilation-of-published-sources?itemId=90654055&action=showRecord
Hector Gavin, Sanitary Ramblings, (London, John Churchill, 1848). http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications/sanitary-1.htm
History of Fall River Massachussets; (Compiler Fenner H.), (Fall River, Ma., Munroe Press, 1911).
http://www.sailsinc.org/durfee/fenner1911.pdf
Illustrated Fall River, (Fall River, Ma., Hunter & Wells, 1903).
http://www.sailsinc.org/durfee/1903.pdf
[*copyright.cornell.edu., Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States, 1 January 2016., Works Registered or First Published in the U.S., Date of Publication, Before 1923, Copyright Term: None. In the public domain due to copyright expiration http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm ]
Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, (London, Griffin, Bohn and Co, 1861). https://archive.org/details/londonlabourlond01mayhrich
WEBSITES
American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA, USA., Chace.athm.org., Weave Room of a Fall River Cotton Mill [Fall River, Mass.], (nd), (07Apr2016).
http://chace.athm.org/singleDisplay.php?kv=5122
British-history.ac.uk., 'Bethnal Green: Building and Social Conditions from 1837 to 1875', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11, Stepney, Bethnal Green, (Ed. T F T Baker), (London, 1998), pp 120-126, (nd), (13Apr2016).
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol11/pp120-126
British Library, BL.UK., London illustrations by Gustave Doré, (07Apr2016).
http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/london-illustrations-by-gustave-dor
Embassy of the United States, uk.usembassy.gov., Facts About American Ambassadors, (Jul 2014),(20Apr2016). https://uk.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/our-ambassador/rcamb_facts/
Epodunk.com., Profile for Fall River, Massachusetts, MA, (nd), (11Apr2016).
http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/createPostcard.php?cardNum=3656304 [follow this lin - you will have the opportunity to choose postcards to send to your email.]
http://www.freebmd.org.uk/ (Birth, marriage and death indexes – England and Wales – from 1837)
Maps.thehuntouse.com, Bruce Hunt., London Miscellany, Old to New Street names 1857 - 1929, (2008-2016), (24Jun2016).
http://www.maps.thehunthouse.com/Streets/Old_to_New_Abolished_London_Street_Names.htm
Poets.org., James Russell Lowell, (nd), (11Apr2016).
https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/james-russell-lowell
Pubhistory.com., Pat Nightingale, UK Pub history and street directory, Turks Head, 308 Brick Lane, Bethnal Green, (14-Jun-2015), (23Jun2016).
http://pubshistory.com/LondonPubs/BethnalGreen/TurksHead.shtml
sergeev.com., Alexey Sergeev., Picture Archives 2003, (06Apr2003), (05May2016).
http://www.asergeev.com/pictures/archives/compress/2003/335/11s.htm
Vision of Britain.org.uk., Census Reports, 1911 Census of England and Wales, Registration Areas, Table 5.
victorianweb.org., Allingham, P.V., Picturesque Sketches of London, [in Hugh Clout: [A Review of] London’s Shadows: The Dark Side of the Victorian City, by Drew D. Gray’]., (18Jan2014), (14Apr2016).
victorianweb.org., Bloy, M., The implementation of the Poor Law, (2012), (19Apr2016). http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/implemen.html
Virginiawoofblog.com, Brooks R.B., James Russell Lowell: Virginia Woolf’s Godfather, (29Jan2013), (07Apr2016). http://virginiawoolfblog.com/james-russell-lowell-virginia-woolf/ [emailed 19apr2016]
Wellcome Library.org, Unearthing the health of Victorian London, Lodging House in Field Lane. Illustration from Sanitary Ramblings. Being sketches and illustrations of Bethnal Green by Hector Gavin, published 1848. http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2015/08/unearthing-the-health-of-victorian-london/ [05/08/2015], [27Jan2017].
Worldthroughthelens.com., Obscure Old English Census Occupations, (1995), (06apr2016). http://www.worldthroughthelens.com/family-history/old-occupations.php
· Further Reading
WW2 BOMBSIGHTS: bombsight.org,Explore London, Tower Hamlets, (2011-2013), (24Jun2016).
http://bombsight.org/explore/greater-london/tower-hamlets/
COAL PORTER Victorian London.org.,Mayhew, LETTER XX, http://www.victorianlondon.org/mayhew/mayhew20.htm coal porter [Mayhew: ‘I continue my inquiry into the state of the Coal Labourers of the Metropolis.’]
EMIGRATION Liverpool Museums, MARITIME ARCHIVES & LIBRARY INFORMATION SHEET 13 EMIGRATION TO USA AND CANADA Infosheet, (23Apr2016) http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/sheet/13
EMIGRATION Tna., Research Guides, Emigration.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/emigration/
FALL RIVER http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/2_3.html
City of Fall River, Massachusetts, http://www.fallriverma.org/ Mayor@fallriverma.org
HIDDEN STREETS http://greatwen.com/2013/11/07/secret-london-streets-beneath-streets-of-london/
http://www.ideastore.co.uk/local-history
IMMIGRATION Duke University Libraries, Digital Collections, search results: http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/?keyword=immigration
OVERSEERS OF THE POOR: Eastman, W.D., Primaryresearch.org., The Overseers of the Poor: Who Were They?, (03Jun2008), (07Apr2016). http://primaryresearch.org/who-were-the-overseers/
PORTERS: Cornell M., zythophile.co.uk., The Forgotten Story of London’s Porters, (02Nov2007), (06apr2016). http://zythophile.co.uk/2007/11/02/the-forgotten-story-of-londons-porters/
TRIPE: British Library, bl.uk., Online Gallery, Advert for A. Ford, Tripe Dresser, [1885]., [perhaps not for the squeamish:]
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/evancoll/a/014eva000000000u06565000.html
Images for Tripe Dresser Nineteenth Century […again, perhaps not for the squeamish.]
Nuovatripperiafiorentina.it, The History of Tripe, (nd), (07Apr2016). http://www.nuovatripperiafiorentina.it/Eng/index.htm
WEAVERS: Powerinthelandscape.co.uk., Handloom Weavers, (2007) http://www.powerinthelandscape.co.uk/people/handloom_weavers.html, [excellent site - the early textile industry in the Upper Calder Valley.]
VICTORIAN BRITAIN Makingthemodernworld.org.uk., Living Conditions, (2004)., […and excellent images.] http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_industrial_town/06.ST.02/?scene=3
VICTORIAN BRITAIN http://www.bl.uk/victorian-britain/articles/the-working-classes-and-the-poor
http://www.museumoflondonprints.com/image/245683/gustave-dore-wentworth-street-whitechapel-1872
http://www.victorianlondon.org/lee/website.htm
http://www.victorianlondon.org/houses/slums.htm
http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications2/howthepoorlive.htm
VICTORIAN SLANG http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/a-dictionary-of-victorian-slang-1909/
WORKHOUSES Workhouses.org., Shoreditch (St Leonard's), Middlesex, London, http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Shoreditch/, (2016),(07Apr2016). [Your one-stop shop for Workhouse information]
Workhouses.org., The Local Government Board, (2016),(08Apr2016). http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/newpoorlaw.shtml#LGB
The websites listed below have detailed information regarding the education and lives of those with disabilities in the nineteenth century. In Boston, Mass., Alexander Graham Bell (telephone inventor) opened a school, in 1872, to train teachers of the deaf. In 1864, President Abraham Lincoln had opened Gallaudet College, specifically for the deaf.
British Library, http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2014/09/king-silence-the-lives-of-victorian-deaf-children.html
Deafjam, http://www.deafjam.org/timeline.html
Historic England, https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1832-1914/the-daily-life-of-disabled-people/
Nineteenth Century Disability., http://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org [extensive bibliography concerning disability in the Victorian era]
Pastcape, http://www.pastscape.org.uk
University College London, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dcal/bslhistory/timeline-bsl
University College London, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/adult_deaf_dumb_institution.htm
Victorian Voices, http://www.victorianvoices.net/ARTICLES/GOP/Health/1897-DeafGirls.pdf
Victorian Voices, http://www.victorianvoices.net/ARTICLES/GOP/Health/1902-DeafGirls.pdf
Victorian Voices, http://www.victorianvoices.net/ARTICLES/GOP/Work/1880-EarningLiving.pdf
· Endnotes
conventions:
Ibid. = same as immediately preceding reference
Op. cit., same as reference not immediately preceding
nd = no date mentioned as to when the information was published
Dates in brackets = first date for when information was published, second date when website was accessed.
[1] The National Archives [TNA], Shoreditch Board of Guardians to London Government Board, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\25Jun1884.
[2] TNA, Shoreditch Board of Guardians to London Government Board, Whitehall, MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\25Jun1884.
[3] TNA, Shoreditch Board of Guardians to London Government Board, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\25Jun1884.
[4] The National Archives [TNA], Shoreditch Board of Guardians to London Government Board, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\25Jun1884;
Marjie Bloy, victorianweb.org., The implementation of the Poor Law, (2012), (19Apr2016).
[5] Peter Higginbotham, Workhouses.org, Shoreditch (St.Leonard,), Middlesex, London, (2017) (30Jan2017).
[6] TNA, Shoreditch Board of Guardians to London Government Board, Whitehall, MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\5Jun1884.
[7] TNA, Shoreditch Board of Guardians to J. R. Lowell, American Ambassador to UK, 30Jun1884.
[8] TNA., J. R. Lowell to Local Government Board, Whitehall, 65716, 01July1884.
[9] TNA, Local Government Board to Shoreditch Board of Guardians, 62956, 08Jul1884.
[10] TNA, Shoreditch Board of Guardians to Local Government Board, Whitehall, 62956, 26Aug1884;
W. Dean Eastman, Primaryresearch.org., The Overseers of the Poor: Who Were They?, (03Jun2008), (07Apr2016); Govtrack.us., H.R. 613 (33rd), (nd), (08Apr2016).
[11] Author unknown, Embassy of the United States, London.UK., American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom, (nd), (09Sep2014).; Author unknown, Poets.org., James Russell Lowell, (nd), (11Apr2016); Rebecca Beatrice Brooks, Virginiawoofblog.com, James Russell Lowell: Virginia Woolf’s Godfather, (29Jan2013), (07Apr2016).
[12] Hector Gavin, Sanitary Ramblings, (London, John Churchill, 1848), p. 42.
[13] Hector Gavin, ibid., pp. 37,38, 42,43, 45.
[14] Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, (London, Griffin, Bohn and Co, 1861), p.208.
[15] Hector Gavin, ibid., p. 75, 77, 79.
[16] Hector Gavin, ibid., p. 82.
[17] Henry Mayhew, ibid., p. 335.
[18] Hector Gavin, ibid., pp. 75, 88.
[19] Wellcome Library.org, Unearthing the health of Victorian London, Lodging House in Field Lane. [05/08/2015], [27Jan2017].
[20] TNA, Home Office, England and Wales Census 1851, HO 107/1539/179/1; Worldthroughthelens.com., Obscure Old English Census Occupations, (1995), (06apr2016).
[21] Pat Nightingale, Pubhistory.com., UK Pub history and street directory, Turks Head, 308 Brick Lane, Bethnal Green. (14-Jun-2015), (23Jun2016).
[22] TNA, General Register Office, England and Wales Census 1861, RG09 261/85/31.
[23] Sara Starkweather, The University of Washington-Bothell Library, US immigration legislation online, 1864 Immigration Act, (2007), (22Apr2016); Freebmd.org., (Free birth, marriage and death indexes – England and Wales – from 1837).
[24] Sara Starkweather, The University of Washington-Bothell Library, US immigration legislation online, 1864 Immigration Act, (2007), (22Apr2016); Freebmd.org.,
[25] Freebmd.org., United States Census Bureau, 1900 United States Census, Fall River, Massachusetts, 154\12; Sara Starkweather, The University of Washington-Bothell Library, US immigration legislation online, 1882 Immigration Act, [Summary By Michael Borrego], (2007), (22Apr2016); TNA., SHBG to LGB, Whitehall., MH 12/7743, 62956, 24\25Jun1884.
[26] Fall River Directory 1896 Volume 27, (Boston, Ma., Sampson, Murdoch & Co., 1896), (nd), (11Apr2016), p. 61; United States Census Bureau , 1900 United States Census, Fall River, Massachusetts., 154\12.
[27] Sailsinc.org., Illustrated Fall River, (Fall River, Ma., Hunter & Wells, 1903).
[28] United States Census Bureau, 1900 United States Census, Fall River, Massachusetts, 154\12; TNA, Home Office, England and Wales Census 1851, HO 107/1539/179/1.
[29] Epodunk.com., Profile for Fall River, Massachusetts, MA, (nd), (11Apr2016).
[30] American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA, USA., Chace.athm.org., Weave Room of a Fall River Cotton Mill [Fall River, Mass.], (1907-1909).
[31] Sailsinc.org, History of Fall River Massachussets; (Compiler Fenner H.), (Fall River, Ma., Munroe Press, 1911, pp. 3,96.
[32] Sailsinc.org, History of Fall River Massachussets; op. cit., pp. 2,96;
Vision of Britain.org.uk., Census Reports, 1911 Census of England and Wales, Registration Areas, Table 5.
[33] History of Fall River Massachussets; (Compiler Fenner H.), (Fall River, Ma., Munroe Press, 1911), p.2
[34] Sailsinc.org, History of Fall River Massachussets; ibid., p. 4.
[35] Alexey Sergeev, asergeev.com, Picture Archives 2003, (06Apr2003), (05May2016).
[36] Massachusetts Archives, Register of Vital Records – Indices – 1841-1920, HS6.07/Series 1411, Massachusetts Archives, Boston, Massachusetts.