·focus on primary points in clear, objective language
·use simple sentence structure
·be consistent in use of tenses
·follow APA reference guidelines
·A useful tool to assist you with citations can be found at http://citationmachine.net/ .
·use headings to help organize content
·use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation
·avoid jargon and undefined abbreviations
·avoid excess verbiage and digression
The Presentation covers basic information such as types of in text citations, why citations are important, and tips on creating a works cited or citations page. APA (or why me?)
The paraphrase maintains the ideas of the original passage while expressing the message in a new voice. The original author is also cited properly.
The summary maintains the ideas of the original passage while concisely expressing its main concepts. The original author is also cited properly.
Formatting in text citations from Writing Commons
WRITTEN BY MARYAM ALNAGGAR
How should a parenthetical in-text citation be formatted?
An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.
Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves.
There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer’s work: the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter 'p' and a period.
Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)
Example: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451)
If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter 'p' s.
Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)
Example: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452)
How should multiple authors of a single source be cited?
There are a few guidelines to follow when citing multiple authors for a single source. Separate the names of the source’s authors by using commas. Depending on the location and instance of the citation, an ampersand(&), the word and, or the term et al. may also need to be used.
When should an ampersand be used?
Ampersands (&) should only be used in parenthetical in-text citations. An ampersand separates the last and second to last author of a cited work.
Example: Research has demonstrated that “synesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences” (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, & Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81).
When should the word and be used?
The word and should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word and.
Example: Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen (2012) observed that “synesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences” (p. 81).
When should the term et al. be used?
When citing a single work with many authors, you may need to substitute some of the authors’ names with the term et al. The term et al. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word al as it is an abbreviated term. Follow these guidelines regarding the usage of et al.:
Use et al.:
The first time and every time you cite a source with at least six authors.
Example: The in-text citation of Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans, a book authored by Krauss, Weber, Appel, Enders, Isenberg, Schiefer, Slenczka, von Graevenitz, and Zahner, would appear as follows:
(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)
As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, …
Every following time (after the first instance) that you cite a source with at least three authors.
Example: Citing the article “Modality and variability of synesthetic experience” by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, & Van Leeuwen would appear as follows: [1]
The first instance: (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, & Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81)
Every following instance: (Niccolai et al., 2012)
Avoid using et al.:
The first time you cite a source with up to five authors.
Instead, list all of the authors at their first mentioning.
To cite a work that only has two authors.
Instead, always list the two authors’ names in every citation (separated by either an ampersand or the word and, depending on the location)
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In text citations- from COM Library
When you paraphrase (put into your own words) ideas from another author's work you still need to cite it. All that is required is a reference to the author and the year of publication. It is possible that your instructor might also require page number, so be sure to check.
Example:
Though most teens belong to at least one social site, there is very little peer reviewed research on the topic (Thompson, 2012).
When your in text citation is not a direct quote, all that is required is a reference to the author and year of publication. Very simple when there is just one author. If there are more you do different things based on the number:
Examples:
One Author
Though most teens belong to at least one social site, there is very little peer reviewed research on the topic (Thompson, 2012).
Two Authors
Though most teens belong to at least one social site, there is very little peer reviewed research on the topic (Thompson & Gragan, 2012).
Three to Five Authors
List all the authors within the text of your sentence or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses. In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." within your sentence or in parentheses.
Though most teens belong to at least one social site, there is very little peer reviewed research on the topic (Thompson, Gragan, & Perry, 2012).
Six or More Authors
Though most teens belong to at least one social site, there is very little peer reviewed research on the topic (Thompson et al., 2012).
Block quotes
APA requires that any quotation over 40 words be started on a new line, indented .5 inches from the margin, double spaced without quotation marks, essentially a block quote. Here's how:
Hit enter before the first word of the quote, and after the last word of the quote
Highlight the text
Right click and select paragraph
Under indent change left to .5"
Example:
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when reel drugs were administered. (p. 276)
Exact quotations with less than 40 words, including author's name.
When the quotation is less than 40 words, you have to use quotation marks. In the example below, the reference is placed immediately before the final punctuation of the sentence. A list of all sources cited in the paper must be included at the end of the paper.
Separate the elements (author’s name, publication year and page number) with commas.
When the author's name does not appear within the quote, place the author's name, the date, and the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation.
Example:
She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
Exact quotation with less than 40 words without author's name
If the actual quotation includes the author’s name, place the date after the author’s last name within the quotation and put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation without the author's name
Example:
Miele (1993) found that “the ‘placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276).
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