Order Perissodactyla
Family Isectolophidae
Isectolophus sp. nov.
Ref. Miyata, K., Tomida, Y., Beard K. C., Gunnell, G. F., Ugai, H. and Hirose, K. 2011. Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: preliminary work and correlation with Asian land mammal ages.Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (1), p. 53–68.
Family Brontotheriidae
Gen. et sp. nov. A
Ref. Miyata, K., Tomida, Y., Beard K. C., Gunnell, G. F., Ugai, H. and Hirose, K. 2011. Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: preliminary work and correlation with Asian land mammal ages.Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (1), p. 53–68.
Gen. et sp. nov. B
Ref. Miyata, K., Tomida, Y., Beard K. C., Gunnell, G. F., Ugai, H. and Hirose, K. 2011. Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: preliminary work and correlation with Asian land mammal ages.Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (1), p. 53–68.
Family Chalicotheriidae
Schizotheriinae gen. et sp. indet.
Chilotherium pugnator Okazaki, 1977, pl. 8, fig. 2.
Chilotherium pugnator Okazaki, 1980, 9, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Ref. Handa, N. and Kawabe, S. 2016. Femur of Schizotheriinae (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae) from the Lower Miocene Hiramaki Formation of the Mizunami Group in Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 36, e1131163
Chalicotheriidae gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Murakami, T., Kozu, S. and Tsubamoto, T. 2018. Reappraisal of a "rhinocerotid" humerous from the Miocene Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture. Abstracts of The 2018 Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, p. 19.
Family Equidae
Anchitherium aff. A. gobiensis
Anchitherium hypohippoides Matsumoto, 1921, p. 77, pl. 13, figs. 3–5 .
Anchitherium hypohippoides Shikama and Yoshida, 1961, p. 171, pl. 26, figs. 1–9.
Anchitherium hypohippoides Kamei and Okazaki, 1974, p. 269, pl. 90, figs. 3–4.
Anchitherium hypohippoides Okamura et al., 1977, p. 27–28, pl. 4–2, fig. 1; pl. 4–13, figs. 1-2.
Anchitherium hypohippoides Okazaki, 1977, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 3.
Ref. Miyata, K. and Tomida, Y. 2010. Anchitherium (Mammalia, Perissodactlya, Equidae) from the Early Miocene Hiramaki Formation, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and its implication for the early diversification of Asian Anchitherium, Journal of Paleontology, 84 (4), p. 314–333.
Plio-Pleistocene Equidae (in preparation...)
Family Helaletidae
Plesiocolopirus grangeri
Ref. Miyata, K., Tomida, Y., Beard K. C., Gunnell, G. F., Ugai, H. and Hirose, K. 2011. Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: preliminary work and correlation with Asian land mammal ages.Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (1), p. 53–68.
Plesiocolopirus kushiroensis
Ref. Miyata, K., Tomida, Y., Beard K. C., Gunnell, G. F., Ugai, H. and Hirose, K. 2011. Eocene mammals from the Akasaki and Nakakoshiki formations, western Kyushu, Japan: preliminary work and correlation with Asian land mammal ages.Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 49 (1), p. 53–68.
Family Tapiridae
Plesiotapirus yagii
Palaeotapirus yagii Matsumoto, 1921, p. 78, pl. 13, figs, 6-11.
Palaeotapirus yagii Takai, 1949, p. 287, pl. 12, fig 1.
Palaeotapirus yagii et al., 1977, p.29, 30, pl. 4-1, fig. 1; pl. 4-13, figs. 3-4; pl. 4-14, fig. 1.
Ref. Tomida, Y., Nakaya, H., Saegusa, H., Miyata, K. and Fukuchi, A., 2013. Miocene land mammals and stratigraphy of Japan. In, Wang, X., Flynn, L. and Fortelius, M. eds., Fossil Mammals of Asia, Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology, p. 314–333. Columbia University Press, New York.
Plesiotapirus sp.
Ref. Kawamura, Y. and Fujita, M. 1999. Preliminary observation of tapir fossils from Horai, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and from Shanwang, Shandong Province, China. Library bulletin of the Horai Town Natural History Museum, p. 314–333.
Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea
Rhinocerotoidea gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Okazaki Y, 2010. An Oligocene amynodontid from Nogata City, Kyushu and an Eocene rhinocerotoid perissodactyl from Kama City, Kyushu. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History Seriese A, 8: 87-90.
Rhinocerotoidea gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Murakami, T. 2019. A report of an Eocene Rhinocerotoidea fossil from Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Saga Prefectural Space and Science Museum, 13, 5-7.
Family “Hyrachidae”
Hyrachyus sp.
Ref. Miyata et al. 2014. The oldest known rhinocerotoid perissodactyl from the Eocene of Japan. Abstracts of The 2014 Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, p. 43.
cf. Hyrachyus sp.
Ref. Tsubamoto et al. 2007. Geological age of the Yokawa Formation of the Kobe Group (Japan) on the basis of terrestrial mammalian fossils. Island Arc, 16, 479-492.
Family Aminodontidae
Amynodon watanabei
Ref. Tokunaga S, 1926. Fossils of Rhinocerotidae found in Japan. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy Tokyo, 2(6): 289-291.
Ref. Tokunaga S, 1929. Ancient rhinocerotids lived in the main island of Japan, Korea and Manchuria. Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool Soc Japan), 41: 377-378.
Amynodon watanabei
Ref. Takai F, 1948. Amynodon watanabei from the Uryu and Ube coalfields. Journal of Geological Society of Japan, 54: 131-132.
Ref. Takai F, 1950. Amynodon watanabei from the latest Eocene of Japan with a brief summary of the latest Eocene mammalian faunule in eastern Asia. Report of the Geological Survey of Japan, 131: 1-14
Amynodon? sp.
Ref. Okazaki Y, 1994. On a fossil bone from Takashima Coal Mine, Nagasaki Prefecture. Abst Programs, 143rd Regular Meeting of the Palaeontological Society of Japan. 49
Zaisanamynodon cf. Z. protheroi
Ref. Saegusa, H. 2001. On the aminodontid fossil from the Kobe Group. Excavation research report of the rhinocerotid fossil from the Kobe Group, Research report of the Grants-in-Aid for Special Purposes (I), 27-42.
cf. Zaisanamynodon borisovi
Ref. Tomida Y, Yamasaki T, 1996. A large amynodontid from Karatsu Coalfield, Kyushu, Japan and the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Bulletin of the Natnonal Science Museum Tokyo, Ser C, 22(3-4): 117-131.
Amynodontidae gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Okazaki Y, 2010. An Oligocene amynodontid from Nogata City, Kyushu and an Eocene rhinocerotoid perissodactyl from Kama City, Kyushu. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum Natural History and Human History Ser A, 8: 87-90.
Family Rhinocerotidae
Brachyotherium? pugnator
Teleoceras (Brachypotherium) pugnator Matsumoto, 1921, p. 6, pl. 2
Rhinoceros (Chilotherium) pugnator Takai, 1939, p. 192–193.
Chilotherium pugnator Okumura et al., 1977, p. 31, pl. 4–14, fig. 2, p. 33, pl. 4–2, fig. 2
Chilotherium pugnator Okazaki, 1977, p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 2
Ref. Fukuchi, A. and Kawai, K. 2011. Revision of Fossil Rhinoceroses from the Miocene Mizunami Group, Japan. Paleontological Research, 15(4):247-257 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2517/1342-8144-15.4.247
Plesiaceratherium sp.
Chilotherium? sp. Okumura et al., 1977, p. 37, pl. 4–7, fig. 1
Ref. Fukuchi, A. and Kawai, K. 2011. Revision of Fossil Rhinoceroses from the Miocene Mizunami Group, Japan. Paleontological Research, 15(4):247-257 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2517/1342-8144-15.4.247
"Chilotherium" sp.
Ref. Taira, M. 2009. Fossil Chilotherium from the Miocene Siote Formation in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Geoscience (Chigakukenkyu), 57 (4), 207-211.
Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis
Dicerorhinus nipponicus Shikama et al., 1967, pls. 1, 2
Ref. Handa, N. and Pandolfi, L. 2016. Reassessment of the Middle Pleistocene Japanese Rhinoceroses (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) and Paleobiogeographic Implications. Paleontological Research, 20(3):247-260. https://doi.org/10.2517/2015PR034
Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis
Rhinoceros sp. Naora 1954, fig. 18.
Rhinoceros sp. Nagasawa 1961, text-figs. 1, 2, 3.
Ref. Handa, N., Takahashi, K. (2024) A review of the taxonomy, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Plio-Pleistocene rhinoceroses in Japan. Journal of Asian Earth Science, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2024.106357
Stephanorhinus sp.
Dicerorhinus sp. cf. nipponicus: Okazaki, 2007, p. 137, figures 1-2, p. 138, fig. 3
Dicerorhinus sp.: Ogino et al. 2009, p. 379, fig. 19A–M
Ref. Handa, N., Kohno, N., Kudo, Y. 2019. Reappraisal of a middle Pleistocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Matsugae Cave, Fukuoka Prefecture, southwestern Japan. Historical Biolog, 33(2):218-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2019.1604699
Stephanorhinus sp.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet. Taruno, 1998, p. 57, plt. 147, figs. 3-4; Taruno, 2000, p. 31, plt. 15, figs. 1-3.
Ref. Handa, N., Takechi, Y. 2017. A Pleistocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Bisan-Seto area, western Japan, 地質学雑誌, 123 巻, 6 号, p. 433-441, https://doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2017.0004
Aceratheriini gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Ito et al. 2021. An rhinocerotid incisor from the Miocene Kukinaga Group in Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, Okayama, Japan, p. 13.
Aceratheriinae gen. et sp. indet.
Brachypotherium sp. Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein et al., 2009, p. 208, fig. 2
Ref. Handa, N., Taru, H. (2025) Taxonomic revision of a late Miocene rhinoceros from Japan with an overview of Brachypotherium from East Asia. Historical Biology, https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2025.2456950
cf. Aceratheriini gen. et sp. indet.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet. Oishi et al., 2001, fig. 3
Ref. Handa, N. 2020. Reappraisal of a Rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Lower Miocene Yotsuyaku Formation, Northeast Japan, with an Overview of the Early Miocene Japanese Rhinocerotids. Paleontological Research, 24(3):183-191. https://doi.org/10.2517/2019PR009
Rhinocerotini gen. et sp. indet.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet. Yamamoto 2006: p. 19- p. 21
Ref. Murakami, T., Tsubamoto, T. 2018. Reappraisal of a rhinocerotid lunar from the Pliocene Ueno Formation of the Kobiwako Group, central Japan. Fossil Research. 51:15–22. (PDF) Reappraisal of a rhinocerotid lunar from the Pliocene Ueno Formation of the Kobiwako Group, central Japan (researchgate.net)
Rhinocerotina gen. et sp. indet.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet. Kato 2001: fig. 1
Ref. Handa, N., Kato, T. 2020. A Pliocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Ajimu, Oita Prefecture, southwestern Japan, with comments on the Japanese Pliocene rhinocerotid fossil records. PalZ. 94:759–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-020-00515-w
Rhinocerotina gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Handa, N., Kato, T., Takahashi, K., Baba, R., Kitabayashi, E. 2023. An additional remain of Pliocene Rhinocerotidae from Ajimu, western Japan. Historical Biology, https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2217197
Rhinocerotinae gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Handa, N. 2015. A Pleistocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Yage, Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan. Paleontological Research. vol. 19, 139-142.
"Teleoceratinae" gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Yoshida et al. 1989. Descovery of a rhinocerotid fossil from the Miocene Yagii Formation in Kawamoto-machi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), vol. 43 (1), 43-48.
"Teleoceratinae" gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Asano, Y. (1996). A late Miocene rhinocerotid molar from Taiwa, Miyagi Prefecture, northeast Japan. Chikyū-Kagaku [= Earth Science], 50, 66–69.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet.
Rhinoceros aff. sinensis Shikama, 1967, pl. 4 (1), figs. 1–4
Ref. Handa, N. 2019. Reassessment of a Pleistocene Rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Aira, Kagoshima, Southwestern Japan. Paleontological Research, 23(1):55-64. https://doi.org/10.2517/2018PR009
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Kimura et al. 1994. An occurrence of a rhinocerotid remain from the Miocene Ayugawa Group, Shiga Prefecture. Bulletin of Nagoya University Furukawa Museum, vol. 10, 39-44.
Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet.
Ref. Kawai, K. 1996. On the Rhinocerotoidean fossil from Nakamura formation of Mizunami Group, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of Gifu prefectural Museum, vol. 17, 85-91.