Binary Form - Is where the there are two sections in a piece of music. Section A begins with the first melody. Section B is identified by a second melody.
Ternary Form - is where there are three sections in a piece of music: ABA. Section A begins with the first melody. Section B is identified by a different melody. Then the melody of section A returns in the last section of the music.
Motif -
Here is Beethoven's Symphony No.5.
Here is the the main motifs used in the theme for Indiana Jones
Sequence
A sequence is when a short melody or phrase is repeated higher or lower in pitch.
Listen again to Symphony No.5 which sequences its main motif.
Here is another example by Richard Wagner from opera Tristen & Isodel. Listen from 4:11 -4:38.
The strings play the motif first and it is repeated by the woodwinds in a call & response style. This is then repeated at a higher pitch, thus creating a sequence.
Repetition - occurs in many forms in music. Repetition of melody and rhythms. Repetition of chord sequences and sections.
The Flight of the Bumble Bee shows melodic and rhythmic repetition.
Here is the Peter Gunn Theme where the Bass guitar and Electric guitar play a repeated riff.
Inversion - A melodic inversion is when a melody has been flipped over. For example if your first two notes of your melody were up a 5th apart, you would start on the same note and your second note would be a 5th down. Here is an good explanation...
And here is an example of Fure Elise inverted.
Phrase - Is like a musical sentence, where a series of notes/ melody seem to naturally fall. It may contain motifs to form the musical phrase.
In this example, where the singer takes the breath is usually where the phrases occur in the music.
12 Bar Blues - is a 12 bar structure using Chords 1, 4 & 5. It is used in blues, Jazz and rock.
Here is another explanation of 12 Bar Blues with some examples: