Embedded Files
The following images from CFD simulation provide a sense of pressure drag.
The following CFD images were obtained by Professor Kunio Kuwahara, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science , Japan (used here with permission)
In them note the stagnation pressure regions, low pressure regions, surface pressure distribution, boundary layer, separation, vortices, and reverse flow
Airfoil: NACA 0012, Re = 1000,000
alpha = 0
Flow attached most of the surface. BL thin, Small wake
alpha = 10
Near maximum efficiency, Flow mostly attached. Can see two kinds of BL
Not much wake region
alpha = 18, Near stall, Flow attached front half.
Flow separation at mid chord. Vortices, Significant wake region (more pressure drag)
alpha = 22, Flow stalled. Flow separated on the airfoil
Fully separated on the top, Large wake and reverse flow
Other Simulation Images
Laminar separation over a sphere
Imagine this dinosaur in a storm (250 mph winds)
What kind of drag it would have
Note stagnation point!
What do the colors represent
Does this position suggest least drag. Ski jumpers have actually been tested in the wind tunnel
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