Standard Ethical Positions: Some of the most common ethical systems guiding Western thinkers are listed here.
Libertarianism: The highest ethical value is to promote individual liberty
Utilitarianism: The highest ethical value is that which promotes the greatest general happiness and minimizes unhappiness
Egalitarianism: The highest ethical value is equality, which means justice and opportunities are distributed equally
Religious and cultural (family) values: The highest ethical values are based on faith and spiritual truth, such as loving God and one’s neighbor. Family loyalty is significant.
Prima facie values: The highest ethical values are universal ethical principles, such as honesty and respect for others; these principles are considered to be self-evident and obvious to rational individuals of every culture