Latin IV

VERBS

A. all tenses of the indicative and subjunctive

B. irregular verbs:

- master the following:

esse (to be),

posse (to be able),

velle (to wish, want),

nolle (to not want),

ire (to go), ferre (to bring, carry), and

fieri (to become)

C. imperative commands

1. positive (from inf. take off –re for s. and add –te to form pl.)

2. negative (noli/nolite + inf., don’t...)

3. irregulars: dic (tell!), fer(bring!), fac(make, do!), duc (lead!), esto (be!), and momento (remember!)

4. deponent verbs: sequere/sequimini (follow!)

D. impersonal verbs:

licet (it is permitted),

placet (it is pleasing),

libet(it is pleasing),

taedet(it is tiring), etc.

E. subjunctive: constructions (result, purpose, indirect command, indirect question, fearing clause, cum clause, etc.), independent, and conditions

F. poetic syncopated forms (e.g., conticuëre = conticuërunt, vocasset = vocavisset, etc.)

VERBALS

Participles:

A. present (stem of 2nd p.p. + -nt- + 3rd decl. ending; -ns for nom. s. only)

e.g., puer lacrimans (the crying the boy) or ad paellas currents (toward the running girls)

B. perfect (stem of 4th p.p. + -us, -a, -um as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)

e.g., urbs capta (the city having been captured or the captured city)

C. future (stem of 4th p.p. + -ürus, -üra, -ürum as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)

e.g., morituri te salutamus (we about to die, salute you)

D. ablative absolutes: present (while, as) and perfect (after, since, although, because)

e.g., urbe capiente (while capturing the city...) urbe captä (after the city was captured, ...)

Infinitives:

A. present, perfect and future

B. uses of infinitives:

1. complimentary (with posse, velle, nolle, iubere (to order), solere (to be accustomed), necesse est (it is necessary), placet(it is pleasing), licet (it is permitted)

2. indirect statement

C. gerunds and gerundives: -nd- + -i, -o, -um, -o and -nd- + 1st and 2nd declension endings; purpose and necessity

1. ad + gerund/gerundive = for the purpose of . . . .

2. causa/gratia = for the sake of . . .

3. gerundive + esse (in the present, imperfect, and future tenses) = must, ought to be .

NB: the subject or thing that must perform something goes into the dative case. D. supine: stem of 4th p.p. + -um = “to ...”

NOUNS (Declensions I-V)

A. cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative (see handout) B. time constructions:

1. accusative duration of time: duas horas, for two hours

2. ablative of time when: decimö annö, in the tenth year

3. note time words: hora, horae, f. (hour), dies, diei, m./f. (day), mensis, mensis, m. (month), annus, anni, m. (year), ver, veris, n. (spring), aestas, aestatis, f. (summer), hiems, hiemis, f. (winter)

ADJECTIVES

A. positive, comparative (-er, more, rather) and superlative (-est, most, very)

B. quam + superlative = as . . . as possible (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible) C. irregular comparative and superlative:

bonus, -a, -um, good magnus, -a, -um, great malus, -a, -um, bad

multus, -a, -um, much, many

parvus, -a, -um, small

melior, melius, better maior, maius, greater peior, peius, worse

plus, plures, plura, more

minor, minus, smaller

optimus, -a, -um, best maximus, -a, -um, greatest pessimus, -a, -um, worst plurimus, -a, -um, very many minimus, -a, -um, smallest

ADVERBS:

A. common endings: -ë, -iter (-ly)

B. common adverbs: diu (for a long time), cotidie (daily), hodie (today), heri (yesterday), diu (for a long time), statim (immediately), ubi (when/where), cräs (tomorrow), tum (then), mox (soon), saepe (often), nunc (now), intereä (meanwhile), iam (now), non iam (no longer), interea (meanwhile), paene (almost), tantum (so much, so far), quantum (so great), umquam (ever), and numquam (never)

C. interrogative adverbs: cur (why), nonne (surely yes), num (surely not), quando (when), quare (why), qui (who), quis

(who),quid (what), quo(where),.quomodo(how), quot (how many), unde (from where), -ne = ?

PREPOSITIONS

ab/a (away from, by), ad (to, toward), ante (before), circum (around), contra (against), cum (with), de (down from, about, concerning), ex/e (out of), in + abl. (in, on), in + acc. (into, onto), inter (between, among), ob (against), per (through), post (after), pro (for, on behalf of), propter (on account of), sine (without), sub (under, below), trans (across) and iuxta (next to)

PRONOUNS

A. personal pronouns:

- ego, mei, mihi, me, me (mecum), I, me

- tu, tui, tibi, te, te (tecum), you

- nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis (nobiscum), we, us

- vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis (vobiscum), you

B. relative, interrogative & demonstrative: (see back of book)

- qui, quae, quod, who, which

- quis, quid (gen. cuius, dat. cui), who, what, whom

- is, ea, id, he, she, it (gen. eius, dat. cui), he, she, it, him, her

- hic, haec, hoc, this, these (gen. huius, dat. huic), this, these

- ille, illa, illud, that, those (gen. illius, dat. illi), that, those

- quidem, quaedam, quoddam, a certain (adj.) (gen. cuiusdam, dat. cuidam)

- quisque, quaeque, quodque, each (adj.)

- siquis, siquid, if someone, if something

CONJUNCTIONS

aut (or), aut...aut (either...or), et (and), et...et (both...and), nec/neque (not), neque...neque (neither...nor), postquam (after, afterward), quamquam (although), quod (because), sed (but), ubi (when), -que (and), -ve (or), alii...alii (some...others), sive...sive (whether...or), tot...quot (as many...as), nisi (except, unless), abhinc (ago), utinam (would that), quasi (as if) and velut (like)

FOUR USES OF QUAM

exclamatory - how (quam stultus es! How foolish you are!)

comparison – than (puer stultior quam asinus. The boy is dumber than an ass.) NB: ablative of comparison: puer stultior stultö.

superlative – as...as possible (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible)

relative pronoun – whom, which

METRICS AND POETIC DEVICES

- dactylic hexameter and elegiac couplet; dactyl, spondee, elision, etc.

- litotes, chiasmus (ABBA), synchesis (IWO), anophora, polysyndeton, asyndeton, synecdoche, simile, onomatopoeia, hendiadys, assonance, metaphor, alliteration, etc.

AUTHORS:

Caesar (Gallic Wars and Civil Wars), Martial (Epigrams), Juvenal (Satires), Vergil (Aeneid, Georgics, Eclogues), Horace (poetry Odes, Epodes, Satires), Catullus (elegy and love poems), Plautus (plays), Suetonius and Tacitus (history) and Euripides, Sophocles and Aeschylus (Greek playwrights)

HISTORY

Visit: http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey01.html

MYTHOLOGY

Topics:

figures and events in the Trojan War

Trojan horse http://sco.lt/84qlM1

Judgement of Paris http://sco.lt/9CJytt

Basics of the Trojan War https://prezi.com/s5wniwtrwtja/the-basics-of-the-trojan-war/

tales of lovers and transformation, etc.

Visit: http://www.pantheon.org/

GEOGRAPHY AND PHRASES

Rivers/seas/mountains: Rhine, Po, Nile Rubicon/Adriatic, Aegean, Black/Atlas, Parnassus, etc Regions/countries: Britannia, Hispania, Gallia, Sicilia, Germania, Graecia, Aegyptus, etc. Cities: Troia, Carthago, Roma, Athens, Cyprus, Phoenicia, Ithaca, Mycenae, etc