US Open Fermenters

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(Above) Skimming fermenting ale, P. BALLANTINE & SONS, Newark, NJ, late 1930's

Brooklyn Public Library photo (above)

(below)- same SCHAEFER brewery, circa  1940

(Below)  Ale fermentation cellar, CHRISTIAN FEIGENSPAN BREWING CO., Newark, NJ, 1930's

below - STROH'S famous wooden fermenters, from floor level and (below, in B&W) above

(below) HAFFENREFFER brewery, Boston, full and empty fermenters 

[above and below) STEGMAIER BREWING CO.,  Wilkes-Barre, PA

(Below) Open ale fermenters (background) with workers skimming ale in foreground, VICTOR Brewing Co., Jeanette, PA.  The aluminum skimmer was design in-house by Victor brewmaster, A. Nikolas.

(below) ANHEUSER BUSCH St. Louis brewery, open starting fermenters, 1940's and 1950's

(Above) San Diago's Aztec Brewing Co., "ABC"

(Below) THEO. HAMM BREWING CO. 1960's

(Above) Cleveland Ohio breweries:  CARLING (left) and LEISYS

and (Below) STANDARD BREWING CO.

MILLER BREWING CO., 1950s

(Below) KINGSBURY, GRACE BROS. and Unnamed St. Louis brewery

(below)  FRANK FEHR BREWING CO., LOUISVILLE, KY 1937

(Below left) FOX HEAD BREWING CO., (right) PITTSBURGH BREWING CO.

(above) With little head room

ANCHOR BREWING CO's owner,

Larry Stease, skims Steam Beer in 1960.

(below) Pitching yeast in San Francisco's

RAINIER brewery.

LEINENKUGEL and Hawaii's PRIMO

and Canada...

LABATT, 1970s