Inclusions in Diamond

Central Africa Republich

• Lorenzon S., Novella D., Nimis P., Jacobsen S. D., Thomassot E., Pamato M. G., Prosperi L., Lorenzetti, A., Alvaro M., Brenker F., Salvadego F., and Nestola F. 2022. Ringwoodite and zirconia inclusions indicate downward travel of super-deep diamonds. Geology.

Cullinan mine, Gauteng province, South Africa 

• • Nestola F., Korolev N., Kopylova M., Rotiroti N., Pearson D. G., Pamato M. G., Alvaro M., Peruzzo L., Gurney J. J., Moore A. E., and Davidson, J. 2018. CaSiO3 perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle. Nature 555:237–242.

Democratic Republic of Congo 

• • Kagi H., Lu, R., Davidson P., Goncharov A. F., Mao H. K., and Hemley R. J. 2000. Evidence for ice VI as an inclusion in cuboid diamonds from high PT near infrared spectroscopy. Mineralogical Magazine 64:1089–1097.

Juina, Mato Grosso, Brazil

• • Hayman P. C., Kopylova M. G., and Kaminsky F. V. 2005. Lower mantle diamonds from Rio Soriso (Juina area, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149:430–445.

  • Kaminsky F. V., Zakharchenko O. D., Davies R., Griffin W. L., Khachatryan-Blinova G. K., and Shiryaev A. A. 2001. Superdeep diamonds from the Juina area, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140:734–753.

  • Wirth R., Vollmer C., Brenker F., Matsyuk S., and Kaminsky F. 2007. Inclusions of nanocrystalline hydrous aluminium silicate “Phase Egg” in superdeep diamonds from Juina (Mato Grosso State, Brazil). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259:384–399.

  • Wirth R., Kaminsky F., Matsyuk S., and Schreiber A. 2009. Unusual micro-and nano-inclusions in diamonds from the Juina Area, Brazil. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286:292–303.

  • Bulanova G. P., Walter M. J., Smith C. B., Kohn S. C., Armstrong L. S., Blundy J., and Gobbo, L. 2010. Mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from Collier 4 kimberlite pipe, Juina, Brazil: subducted protoliths, carbonated melts and primary kimberlite magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160:489–510.

  • Walter M. J., Kohn S. C., Araujo D., Bulanova G. P., Smith C. B., Gaillou, E., Wang, J., Steele, A., and Shirey S. B. 2011. Deep mantle cycling of oceanic crust: evidence from diamonds and their mineral inclusions. Science 334:54–57.

  • Pearson D. G., Brenker F. E., Nestola F., McNeill J., Nasdala L., Hutchison M. T, Matveev K., Mather G., Silversmit G., Schmitz S., Vekemans B., and Vincze L. 2014. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature 507:221–224.

  • Nestola F., Burnham A. D., Peruzzo L., Tauro L., Alvaro M., Walter M. J., Gunterm M., Anzolini C., and Kohn S. C. 2016. Tetragonal Almandine-Pyrope Phase, TAPP: finally a name for it, the new mineral jeffbenite. Mineralogical Magazine 80:1219–1232.

Kankan placer deposit, Gunea

• • Stachel T., Harris J. W., Brey G. P., and Joswig W., 2000. Kankan diamonds (Guinea) II: lower mantle inclusion parageneses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140:16–27.

  • Brenker F. E., Stachel T., and Harris J. W. 2002. Exhumation of lower mantle inclusions in diamond: ATEM investigation of retrograde phase transitions, reactions and exsolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 198:1–9.

Karowe mine, Botswana

• Gu T., Pamato, M.G., Novella D., Alvaro M., Fournelle, J., Brenker F.E., Wang W., and Nestola F. 2022. Hydrous peridotitic fragments of Earth’s mantle 660 km discontinuity sampled by a diamond. Nature Geoscience, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01024-y

Machado River, Brazil

• • Bulanova G. P., Smith C. B., Kohn S. C., Walter M. J., Gobbo L., and Kearns S. 2008. Machado River, Brazil—a newly recognised ultradeep diamond occurrence. 9th International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstract No. 9 IKC-A-00233.

Monastery Mine, South Africa

• • Moore R. O. and Gurney J. J. 1985. Pyroxene solid solution in garnets included in diamond. Nature 318:553–555.

  • Collerson K. D., Kamber B., and Hapugoda S. 2001. Majorite-bearing macrocryst xenolith suites from the Kaapvaal craton: More rocks from the mantle transition zone. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, abstract #S41B-10.

Orapa, Namaqualand, Southern Africa 

• • Tschauner O., Huang S., Greenberg E., Prakapenka V. B., Ma C., Rossman G. R., Shen A. H, Zhang D., Newvile M., Lanzirotti A, and Tait K. 2018. Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science 359:1136–1139.

  • Tschauner O., Huang S., Yang S., Humayun M., Liu W., Gilbert Corder, S. N., H. A. Bechtel, J. Tischler, and Rossman G. R. 2021. Discovery of davemaoite, CaSiO3-perovskite, as a mineral from the lower mantle. Science, 374: 891–894. 

Pozanti-Karsanti ophiolite, Turkey

• Lian D., Yang J., Wiedenbeck M., Dilek Y., Rocholl A., and Wu W. 2018. Carbon and nitrogen isotope, and mineral inclusion studies on the diamonds from the Pozanti–Karsanti chromitite, Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 173:1–18.

Sao Liuz, Brazil

• • Wilding M. C., Harte B., Harris J. W. 1991. Evidence for a deep origin for the Sao Luiz diamonds. Fifth International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstracts, Araxa 456–458.

  • Harris J., Hutchison M., Hursthouse M., Light M., and Harte B. 1997. A new tetragonal silicate mineral occurring as inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds. Nature 387:486–488.

  • Harte B., Harris J. W., Hutchison M. T., Watt G. R.,  and Wilding M. C. 1999. Lower mantle mineral associations in diamonds from Sao Luiz, Brazil. In: Fei Y., Bertka C. M., Mysen B. O. (Eds.), Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd: Geochemical Society Special Publication 6:125–153.

  • Joswig W., Stachel T., Harris J. W., Baur W. H., and Brey G. P. 1999. New Ca-silicate inclusions in diamonds—tracers from the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 173:1–6.

  • Finger L. W. and Conrad P. G. 2000. The crystal structure of “tetragonal almandine-pyrope phase” (TAPP): A reexamination. American Mineralogist 85:1804–1807.

  • Brenker F. E., Stachel T., and Harris J. W. 2002. Exhumation of lower mantle inclusions in diamond: ATEM investigation of retrograde phase transitions, reactions and exsolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 198:1–9.

  • Nestola F., Burnham A. D., Peruzzo L., Tauro L., Alvaro M., Walter M. J., Gunter M., Anznolini C., and Kohn S. C. 2016. Tetragonal almandine-pyrope phase, TAPP: finally a name for it, the new mineral jeffbenite. Mineralogical Magazine 80:1219–1232.

  • Zedgenizov D. A., Ragozin A. L., Kagi H., Yurimoto H., and Shatsky V. S. 2019. SiO2 Inclusions in Sublithospheric Diamonds. Geochemistry International 57:964–972.

Shandong, China

• • Tschauner O., Huang S., Greenberg E., Prakapenka V. B., Ma C., Rossman G. R., Shen A. H, Zhang D., Newvile M., Lanzirotti A, and Tait K. 2018. Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle. Science 359:1136–1139.

Venezuela 

• • Sobolev N. V., Fursenko B. A., Goryainov S. V., Shu J., Hemley R. J., Mao H. K., and Boyd F. R. 2000. Fossilized high pressure from the Earth's deep interior: The coesite-in-diamond barometer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:11875–11879.

Mantle xenoliths

Eastern Dharwar Craton, India

• Chatterjee A., Rao N. C., Pandey R., and Pandey A. 2023. Mantle transition zone-derived eclogite xenolith entrained in a diamondiferous Mesoproterozoic (∼1.1 Ga) kimberlite from the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India: evidence from a coesite, K-omphacite, and majoritic garnet assemblage. Geological Magazine, 1–14.

Koolau volcano, Oahu, United States

• • Keshav S. and Sen G. 2001. Majoritic garnets in Hawaiian xenoliths: preliminary results. Geophysical Research Letters 28:3509–3512.

Lamprophyre dike in Shikoku Island, Japan

• • Mizukami T., Wallis S., Enami M., and Kagi H. 2008. Forearc diamond from Japan. Geology, 36:219–222.

Malaita, Solomon Islands

• • Collerson K. D., Hapugoda S., Kamber B. S., and Williams Q. 2000. Rocks from the mantle transition zone: Majorite-bearing xenoliths from Malaita, southwest Pacific. Science 288:1215–1223.

  • Neal C. R., Haggerty S. E., and Sautter V. 2001. "Majorite" and" silicate perovskite" mineral compositions in xenoliths from Malaita. Science 292:1015a.

  • Collerson K. D., Hapugoda S., Kamber B. S., and Williams, Q. 2001. "Majorite" and" silicate perovskite" mineral compositions in xenoliths from Malaita: Response. Science 292:1015a.

Robert Victor Mine near Kimberley, South Africa

• • Smyth J. R. and Hatton C. J. 1977. A coesite-sanidine grospydite from the Roberts Victor kimberlite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 34:284–290.

Udachnaya, Russia

• • Khisina N. R. and Wirth R. 1997. Water-bearing inclusions in olivine from kimberlite: high-pressure hydrous silicates. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 78:735.

  • Khisina N. R. and Wirth R. 2002. Hydrous olivine (Mg1− yFe2+y)2−xvxSiO4H2x–a new DHMS phase of variable composition observed as nanometer-sized precipitations in mantle olivine. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29:98–111.

Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHP) rocks 

Ceuta, Spain 

• • Ruiz-Cruz M. D. and De Galdeano C. S. 2013. Coesite and diamond inclusions, exsolution microstructures and chemical patterns in ultrahigh pressure garnet from Ceuta (Northern Rif, Spain). Lithos 177:184–206.

Bohemian Massif

• • Kotková J., O'Brien P. J., and Ziemann, M. A. 2011. Diamond and coesite discovered in Saxony-type granulite: Solution to the Variscan garnet peridotite enigma. Geology 39:667–670.

  • Perraki M., and Faryad S. W. 2014. First finding of microdiamond, coesite and other UHP phases in felsic granulites in the Moldanubian Zone: Implications for deep subduction and a revised geodynamic model for Variscan Orogeny in the Bohemian Massif. Lithos 202:157–166.

Dabie Shan, Anhui Province, eastern China

• • Wang X., Liou J. G., and Mao H. K. 1989. Coesite-bearing eclogite from the Dabie Mountains in central China. Geology 17:1085–1088.

  • Shutong X., Wen S., Yican L., Laili J., Shouyuan J., Okay A. I., and Sengör A. M. C. 1992. Diamond from the Dabie Shan metamorphic rocks and its implication for tectonic setting. Science 256:80–82.

Dora Maira, Italy

• • Chopin C. 1984. Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: a first record and some consequences. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86:107–118.

Gittidas, Pakistan Himalaya 

• • O’Brien P. J., Zotov N., Law R., Khan M. A., and Jan M. Q. 2001. Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implications for models of India–Asia collision. Geology 29:435–438.

Dhonghai county, northeastern Jiangsu province, China

• • Hirajima T., Ishiwatari A., Gong B., Zhang R., Banno S., and Nozaka T. 1990. Coesite from Mengzhong eclogite at Dhonghai county, northeastern Jiangsu province, China. Mineralogical Magazine 54:579–583.

Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan

• • Sobolev N. V. and Shatsky V. S. 1990. Diamond inclusions in garnets from metamorphic rocks: a new environment for diamond formation. Nature 343:742–746. 

Lanterman Range, Antarctica

• • Ghiribelli B., Frezzotti M.-L., and Palmeri R. 2002. Coesite in eclogites of the Lanterman range, Antarctica: evidence from textural and Raman studies. European Journal of Mineralogy 14:355–360.

Lago di Cignana, Western Alps, Italy

• • Frezzotti M. L., Selverstone J., Sharp Z. D., and Compagnoni R. 2011. Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps. Nature Geoscience 4:703–706.

  • Frezzotti M. L., Huizenga J. M., Compagnoni R., and Selverstone J. 2014. Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C–O–H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 143:68–86.

Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet

• • Yang J. S., Dobrzhinetskaya L., Bai W. J., Fang Q. S., Robinson P. T., Zhang J., and Green H. W. 2007. Diamond-and coesite-bearing chromitites from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet. Geology 35:875–878.

  • Yamamoto S., Komiya T., Hirose K., and Maruyama S. 2009. Coesite and clinopyroxene exsolution lamellae in chromites: In-situ ultrahigh-pressure evidence from podiform chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite, southern Tibet. Lithos, 109: 314–322.

Mali, W. Africa

• • Caby R. 1994. Precambrian coesite from N Mali: first record and implications for plate tectonics in the trans-Saharan segment of the Pan-African belt. European Journal of Mineralogy 6:235–244. 

Massif Central, France

• • Lardeaux J. M., Ledru D. I., and Duchene S. 2001. The Variscan French Massif Central – a new addition to the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic ‘club’: exhumation processes and geodynamic consequences. Tectonophysics 332:143–167.

Mirdita ophiolite, Albania

• Wu W., Yang J., Wirth R., Zheng J., Lian D., Qiu T., and Milushi I. 2019. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes and mineral inclusions in diamonds from chromitites of the Mirdita ophiolite (Albania) demonstrate recycling of oceanic crust into the mantle. American Mineralogist 104:485–500.

Nishisonogi unit, Nagasaki Metamorphic complex, western Kyushu, Japan

• Nishiyama T., Ohfuji H., Fukuba K., Terauchi M., Nishi U., Harada K., Unoki, K., Moribe Y., Yoshiasa A., Ishimaru S., Mori Y., Shigeno M., and Arai S. 2020. Microdiamond in a low-grade metapelite from a Cretaceous subduction complex, western Kyushu, Japan. Scientific Reports, 10:1–11.

North Qaidam, western China 

• • Yang J.S., Xu Z., Song S., Zhang J., Shi R., Li H., and Brunel M. 2001. Discovery of coesite in the North Qaidam Early Paleozoic ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, NW China. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, Paris. Sciences de la Terre et des Planets 333:719–724. 

Qinling, central China

• • Yang J. S., Xu Z., Dobrzhnestskaya L. F., Green H. W., Shi R., Pei X., Wu C., Wooden J. L., Zhang J., and Li H. 2003. Discovery of metamorphic diamond in central China: an indication of a >4000 km-long-zone of deep subduction resulting from multiple continental collisions. Terra Nova 15:370–379. 

Ray-Iz ophiolite, Polar Urals

• Yang J., Meng F., Xu X., Robinson P. T., Dilek Y., Makeyev A. B., Wirth R., Wiedenbeck M. and Cliff J. 2015. Diamonds, native elements and metal alloys from chromitites of the Ray-Iz ophiolite of the Polar Urals. Gondwana Research 27:459–485.

Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany 

• • Massonne H. J. 1999. A new occurrence of microdiamonds in quartzofeldspathic rocks of the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany, and their metamorphic evolution. In: Proceedings of 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Capetown, 2, pp. 533–539.

  • Hwang S. L., Shen P., Chu H. T., and Yui T. F. 2000. Nanometer-size alpha-PbO2-type TiO2 in garnet: a thermobarometer for ultra-high pressure metamorphism. Science 288:321–324. 

  • Nasdala L. and Massonne H. J. 2000. Microdiamonds from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany: in situ micro-Raman characterisation. European Journal of Mineralogy 12:495–498.

  • Massonne H. J. 2001. First find of coesite in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic region of the Central Erzgebirge, Germany. European Journal of Mineralogy 13:565–570.

  • Schönig J., von Eynatten H., Meinhold G., and Lünsdorf, N. K. 2019. Diamond and coesite inclusions in detrital garnet of the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany. Geology, 47:715–718.

Southwestern Brazil 

• • Parkinson C. D., Motoki A., Onishi C. T., and Maruyama S. 2001. Ultrahigh-pressure pyrope-kyanite granulites and associated eclogites in Neoproterozoic Nappes of Southeast Brazil. UHPM Workshop 2001, Waseda University, pp. 87–90. 

Sulawesi, Indonesia

• • Parkinson C. D. and Katayama I. 1999. Metamorphic microdiamond and coesite from Sulawesi, Indonesia: evidence of deep subduction as SE Sundaland Margin. EOS, Transaction American Geophysics Union, F1181.

Sulu belt in eastern China

• • Taguchi T., Igami Y., Miyake A., and Masaki E. 2019. Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite. Journal of Metamorphic Geology  https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12470

Tillotson Peak Complex of northern Vermont, U.S.A.

• Gonzalez J. P., Baldwin S. L., Thomas J. B., Nachlas W. O., and Fitzgerald, P. G. 2020. Evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism discovered in the Appalachian orogen. Geology, 48:947–951.

Tromsø Nappe, Scandinavian Caledonides, Norway

• • Janák M., Krogh Ravna E. J., Kullerud K., Yoshida K., Milovský R., and Hirajima T. 2013. Discovery of diamond in the Tromsø Nappe, Scandinavian Caledonides (N. Norway). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31:691–703.

Tso Morari, Himalaya 

• • Sachan H. K., Mucherjee B. K., Ogasawara Y., Maruyama S., Ishida H., Muko A., and Yoshioka N. 2004. Discovery of coesite from Indus Suture Zone (TSZ), Ladakh, India: evidence for deep subduction. European Journal of Mineralogy 16:235–240. 

Waldheim, Germany 

• Thomas R., Davidson P., Rericha A., and Recknagel, U. 2022. Discovery of stishovite in the prismatine-bearing granulite from Waldheim, Germany: A possible role of supercritical fluids of ultrahigh-pressure origin. Geosciences 12:196.

• Thomas R., Davidson P., Rericha A., and Recknagel, U. 2023. Ultrahigh-Pressure Mineral Inclusions in a Crustal Granite: Evidence for a Novel Transcrustal Transport Mechanism. Geosciences, 13: 94.

Weihai, eastern China

• • Qingchen W., Ishiwatari A., Zhongyan, Z., Hirajima T., Hiramatsu N., Enami M., Zhai M., and Bolin C. 1993. Coesite-bearing granulite retrograded from eclogite in Weihai, eastern China. European Journal of Mineralogy 5:141–152.

Western Gneiss Region, Norway 

• • Smith D. C. 1984. Coesite in clinopyroxene in the Caledonides and its implications for geodynamics. Nature 310:641–644.

Western Tian-Shan, China

• • Lu Z., Zhang L., Du J., and Bucher K. 2008. Coesite inclusions in garnet from eclogitic rocks in western Tianshan, NW China: convincing proof of deep subduction. American Mineralogist 93:1845–1850. 

Yangkou, China

• • Xu C., Kynický J., Tao R., Liu X., Zhang L., Pohanka M., Song W., and Fei Y. 2017. Recovery of an oxidized majorite inclusion from Earth’s deep asthenosphere. Science advances 3: e1601589.

Zermatt-Saas, Switzerland

• • Reinecke T. 1991. Very-high-pressure metamorphism and uplift of coesite-bearing metasediments from the Zermatt-Saas zone, Western Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy 3:7–17.