Circulatory System Review Guide Answers

1. How do you calculate cardiac output (formula)?

heart rate x stroke volume

How much blood is contained in the average human? 5 L

2. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Veins carry blood __ to ___ the heart.

Which (arteries or veins) carries oxygenated blood? _ arteries ______

Name the one vessel that is the exception: pulmonary artery

3. What do you call the loose, outer layer of the sac around the heart? ___pericardium ___

What side points toward the heart (inside layer)? __ visceral ________

What layer is on the outside? __ parietal ______

4. When vessels expand, it is called ___ vasodilation _________

When they contract? _____ vasoconstriction _______

5. Briefly describe the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

epicardium = outer layer

endocardium = inner layer, lining the chambers of the heart

myocardium = muscle layer of the heart

6. Describe the size and location of the heart. size of a fist, center of chest

Where is the apex of the heart located? ____ point of the heart ______

What divides the left and right side of the heart? __ septum ___

Which side of the heart is more muscular? _ left side ___________

What bone lies directly in front of the heart? ___ sternum ________

7. During systole, the aortic valve is ____ open ________.

During diastole, the aortic valve is __ closed __________.

8. Veins and arteries meet at __ capillaries __________, where nutrients are exchanged with body tissues.

Arteries branch into smaller vessels called ____ arterioles ________ .

Veins also have smaller branches called ____ venuoles ___

9. What three things push blood back to the heart (through the veins)?

diaphragm, movement of skeletal muscles, sphincters (valves)

What are pre-capillary sphincters? _______ openings into capillaries that can close _________

9. Describe the function of the sinoatrial node and trace the path of a nerve (cardiac) impulse through the cardiac conduction system.

What is the pacemaker? ___ SA node, regulates the pace of the heart ___________

What fibers cause a contraction in the ventricle? _____ Perkinje Fibers _____________

Where is the AV node located? between right atrium and ventricle of the heart (AV stands for atrioventricular)

10. What do the terms tachycardia and bradycardia mean? What is arrhythmia? Be able to identify these on an ECG.

tachycardia = rapid heart rate; bradycardia = slow heart rate; arrhymia = irregular heart rate

11. Generally speaking, when the ventricle contracts, the atrium _____ relaxes ________

Any contraction (atrial or ventricular) is called ____ systole ________

Relaxing is called __ diastole _____. At what point is blood pressure at its highest? during ventricular contraction

13. Identify the P-Wave, the QRS complex and a T wave on an ECG. P is the first small bump, QRS is the large peak, and T is the small wave after the peak

What is an ECG? (Be able to analyze one) - electrocardiogram

14. What is a defibrillator used for? How does it work? shocks the heart back to its normal rhythm

15. What are systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? What is the “normal” blood pressure for a human?

systolic is the high upper number, diastolic is the lower number. Normal pressure is 120/80

16. What two piece of equipment are needed to take a person’s blood pressure? stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

Describe the procedure: the stethoscope is places at the brachial artery (elbow) and the cuff is wrapped around the arm, the cuff is inflated and then the valve is released slowly. The first time you hear the sound of a heart beat is the systolic pressure. The cuff continues to deflate until you no longer hear the sound, this is the diastolic pressure.

17. Name and give the function of all four valves of the heart. Some have multiple names; make sure you know all of them.

right atrioventricular valve is also the tricuspid; left atrioventricular valve is also the bicuspid, or mitral valve

18. Blood that moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again is in the ___ pulmonary ______ circuit.

Blood moving throughout the body is in the __ systemic ___ circuit.

19. List the three major vessels that branch off of the aortic arch. You may want to draw a diagram.

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

20. Label all of the major vessels that attach to the heart. superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta

21. Label a diagram of the heart and trace the flow of blood through the heart.

22. Know each of the following diseases related to the circulatory system, included how they are treated

Hypertension _________ high blood pressure _________________________________

Atherosclerosis ____thickenening of arteries due to plaque build up________________

Mitral Valve Prolapse _____ valve moves out of position _____________________________

Cardiac Infarction ______heart attack, coronary vessels are blocked ____________________

Heart Murmer _____ one of the valves does not close completely _________________

Deep Vein Thrombosis (Blood Clots) ___ when blood does not return to heart and collects near valves, the clot can move to other parts of the body, like the lungs _