GOALS:1. Describe a blood sample (with percentages)

2. Describe the shape of a blood cell.

3. List and describe types of white blood cells (both common and medical names)

4. What are platelets?

5. Describe the events in blood clot formation.

6. List the 4 blood types and their associated genotypes.

7. Describe how antibodies and antigens work (related to blood transfusions)

8. What is plasma and what is it composed of?

9. What is sickle cell anemia? How is it inherited (genetics)?

10. What is hemophilia? How is it inherited (genetics)?

11. What is the Rh factor? How can it affect a pregnancy?

12. What is leukemia?

13. What is anemia (general)?

14. What is septicemia?

15. What causes coagulation? What chemical prevents it?

16. What organ removes damaged or old blood cells?

17. List the plasma proteins.

18. What are blood-borne pathogens?

19. Be able to do a variety of genetic crosses (punnett squares) to show what blood types are possible. Ex. AB x O

20. Describe the events of hemostasis.

Introduction

Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body

Hematophobia = fear of blood

Blood and Blood Cells

What's in Blood? - blood is a type of connective tissue, composed of scattered cells within a noncellular matrix (fluid). Composed of 2 basic components

1. Cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) - 45%

2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste) - 55%

Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow = Hematopoeisis.

Types of Blood Cells

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

white blood cells (leukocytes)

platelets (thrombocytes)

RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes)

- Shape is biconcave discs

- 5 million per cubic millimter (RBCC = red blood cell count, amount of blood cells in a cubic millimeter)

- lacking nuclei, they will not divide.

- RED blood cells live for about 120 days, then are phagocytosed by macrophages in the liver and spleen

Hematocrit - volume of RED BLOOD CELLS in a sample, should be 45%. The remaining fluid is platelets white blood cells and plasma (55%). To determine the percentages, blood is placed in a centrifuge

Main Functions

- transports O2 throughout body, and picks up CO2

- Hemoglobin = molecule which combines with O2 to transport it

Oxyhemoglobin - plenty of oxygen, bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin - not carrying much O2, "bluish red"

Iron is a critical element needed to synthesize hemoglobin and normal RBC. Anemia = too few RBC

A hormone secreted by the kidneys called Erythropoietin stimulates the formation of RBC. Process requires Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)

General function - defend the body against disease-causing agents (microorganisms)

Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm)

1. Neutrophils

very active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds, most common, 60% of WBCs

2. Eosinophils

attack parasites, control allergic reaction; 2% of WBCs

these are the cells largely responsible for allergies, because they have nothing to do in our parasite free world

3. Basophils

produces Heparin (prevents blood clots) and Histamines (causes inflammatory reaction); less then 1% of WBCs

Inflammatory Reaction = blood vessels dilate, fluid accumulation and swelling,

attraction of WBCs. At the site of an infection, dead and damage leukocytes, bacteria and body cells accumulate = pus

Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm)

4. Monocytes

precursors of macrophages, phagocytes; 6% of WBCs

macrophages phagocytose the bad guys like little amoebae

5. Lymphocytes

main constituents of the immune system which is a defense against the attack of pathogenic micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protista. These are the adaptive immune response. 30% of WBCs

Lymphocytes come in three types

1. B-cells- yield antibodies and arrange them on their membrane. activated B-cells secrete antibodies.

2. T-cells- Produce a receptor and arrange them on their membrane, and help other lymphocytes do their job.

3. NK-cells- natural killer cells.

PLATELETS (thrombocytes)

- help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged blood vessels

Blood Plasma

- the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water

- transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH

Plasma Proteins

1. Albumins - made in liver, maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume (blood pressure)

2. Globulins - 3 groups: alpha, beta, gamma

a. alpha & beta globulins - from liver, transport lippids and fat-soluble vitamins

b. gamma globulins - from lymphatic tussies, antibodies for immunity

3. Fibrinogen - from liver, largest molecules of plasma proteins - important for blood clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the changie of fibrogen into fibrin

Hemostasis

- the process of stopping bleeding. 3 Key Events

- Coagulation causes the formation of a blood clot.

1. Blood vessel spasm - damaged or broken vessels stimule muscle tissue in the walls of the blood vessels to contract. This slows or stops blood flow, lasts for several minutes. Also, platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle spasm even longer.

2. Platelet plug formation - platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a "plug"

3. Blood coagulation - most effective, forms a blood clot (hematoma). Injury causes an increase in the release of coagulants. Main event - conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin.

Tissue damage = prodction of prothrombin activator (calcium ions must be present)

Prothrombin - converted to thrombin

Thrombin acts as a enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood cells to form a hematoma

Thrombus = a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel

Embolus = when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place

Name:____________________________________

Blood Concept Map