Historical Anatomies on the Web (US National Library of Medicine).
Fabulous and growing collection of high resolution page scans of historical anatomical works, each with a linked short page describing the historical background and significance of the work. The authors of most interest to artists are cited separately below.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/browse.html (browse authors)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/addlinks.html (browse authors on other websites)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/da_intro.html (Dream Anatomy exhibit)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/da_gallery.html (Dream Anatomy gallery)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/index.html (Greek Medicine exhibit)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/arabichome.html (Islamic Medical Manuscripts exhibit)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/onlineexhibitions.html (home)
Choulant, Ludwig, 1852. History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration in Its Relation to Anatomic Science and the Graphic Arts (transl. and ed., Mortimer Frank, 1920). Appendices: I. Chinese anatomy, by Ludwig Choulant.--II. Sculpture and painting as modes of anatomical illustration, by F. H. Garrison and E. C. Streeter.--III. Anatomical illustration since the time of Choulant [with bibliography] by F. H.Garrison.
An extensive 19th century treatise on anatomical illustration.
https://archive.org/details/historybibliogra00chouuoft
Dissecting Leonardo’s Anatomy (Stanford).
"A multi-organizational gallery of Leonardo’s anatomical studies and related material".
http://leonardodavinci.stanford.edu/projects/anatomy/index.html
Leonardo da Vinci Anatomical Drawings (Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research) http://www.gfmer.ch/International_activities_En/Leonardo_anatomical_drawings.htm
Dürer, Albrecht, 1528. Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion.
Images from Durer’s studies of human proportions.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/durer_home.html
http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=02100148 (French edition, 1557)
Vesalius, Andreas, 1543. De Corporis Humani Fabrica.
Three online versions of the first medical treatise on anatomy that was accurate enough to be of use to artists, it effectively ended the era when artists needed to do their own dissecting to learn anatomy. Compare the works on the same site by Ketham (1494), Berengario (1523), and Estienne (1545).
1. Selected page images with linked biographical and bibliographical pages:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vesalius_home.html or
http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/vesaliusgallery.htm
2.Turning the Pages Online - leaf through a virtual copy of Vesalius:
http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/vesalius/vesalius.html 3. Translation and zoomable illustrations, with some interesting accompanying essays
http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/
4. PDF of rhe complete work (120 MB)
http://193.52.215.194/CESR_47294/CESR_47294.pdf
Valverde de Amusco, Juan, 1556. Anatomia del Corpo Humano.
Largely copied from Vesalius, but in places correcting his source.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/valverde_home.html
Bourdon, Amé, 1678. Nouvelles Tables Anatomiques. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/bourdon_home.html
Bidloo, Govard, 1690. Ontleding des Menschelyken Lichaams. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/bidloo_home.html
Genga, Bernardino, 1691. Anatomia per Uso et Intelligenza del Disegno.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/genga_home.html
Cowper, William, 1698. The Anatomy of Humane Bodies. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/cowper_home.html
Cheselden, William, 1733. Osteographia, or The Anatomy of the Bones. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/cheselden_home.html
Gautier d’Agoty, Jacques, 1746. Myologie Complette en Couleur et Grandeur Naturelle. http://www.library.dal.ca/kellogg/collections/Gautieratlas/Gautieratlas.htm
Gautier d’Agoty, Jacques, 1745. Essai d'Anatomie.
https://archive.org/details/EssaiDanatomie
Gautier d’Agoty, Jacques, 1752. Observations sur l'histoire naturelle, sur la physique et sur la peinture.
https://archive.org/details/observationssurl01gaut
https://archive.org/details/observationssurl02gaut
Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried, 1749. Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani.
Excellent series of plates well-known today in the Dover edition edited by Robert Beverley Hale.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/albinus_home.html
Gamelin, Jacques, 1779. Nouveau Receuil d’Ostéologie et de Myologie. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/gamelin_home.html
Bourgery, J.M., 1832-1851. Traité Complet de l’Anatomie. (in French.
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b23005573 (473 pl. )
Bock, Carl Ernest, 1841. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen (translated Ronald A. Bergman and Adel K. Afifi).
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/atlasofanatomy/index.shtml
Fau, J, 1849. The Anatomy of the External Forms of Man, Intended for the Use of Artists, Painters, and Sculptors.
http://djcbriggs.googlepages.com/fau
Gray, Henry, 1858. Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical (1877 American edition).
https://archive.org/details/anatomydescripti1877gray
Gray, Henry, 1858. Anatomy of the Human Body (20th edition, 1918, revised Warren H. Lewis.)
https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray
Rawling, L.B., 1922. Landmarks and Surface Markings of the Human Body.
https://archive.org/details/LandmarksAndSurfaceMarkingsOfTheHumanBody