Parallel State of Nature Causalities
(See System Model Charts Below)
The following chapter represents a brief overview of the four system models identified by the thesis of Mechanical-Social Integration. Each of these four system models is fully analyzed in subsequent dedicated chapters. It should be noted that elements of all four system models are represented freely where appropriate throughout the course of scientific, philosophical, and social analysis (this is true for all my writing).
The “Parallel State of Nature” System Models identify the difference between “genetic evolution” and “cultural evolution”, including causality following from each process that designs either positive or negative consequence.
The methodology of genetic evolution to affect cultural evolution was identified by sociobiology (E. O. Wilson) as a connected or integrated process. I do not dispute gene-culture theory. I identify the difference between genetic evolution and cultural evolution, specifically, where the two processes benefit from decoupling. Specifically, I identify decoupling through cognitive ability – i.e. modern ability to science, logic, and physics - to promote our species progressive sustainable evolution.
“Decoupling” means identifying old, outdated, and damaging genetic instincts to affect the construction of our institutions - specifically false damaging institutions - and instead using superior modern cognitive ability to design new institutions that avoid such past lesser ability and influence. This process reinterprets the concepts of individual liberty, freedom of speech, government, and economics. Nevertheless - if given sufficient time - such cognitive decoupling will undoubtedly begin to re-influence our genetic evolution once again, including produce a beneficial evolution of our species.
The proprietary science of Physiosociobiology identifies where genetic influence is supplemented if not replaced by modern cognitive ability that enables our species culture to integrate with the physics-governed environment and determine both positive or negative cause and effect physics consequence. Global warming for example is a man made yet physics-governed relationship (a mechanical-social relationship).
Axiomatic to this science and ability is identifying that the natural environment (i.e. worldwide ecosystems) only “speaks and understands” the single language of physics – is governed by physics. So, in addition to our unique genetic biological processes we must also develop a uniquely cognitive relationship with the physics-governed ecosystem. Absent from making this paradigm shift in biological awareness, biology exists in a microcosm that remains ignorant of governing “external” forces (cause and effect physics) that determine our survival.
In essence, the difference between sociobiology and its “anti-discipline” physiosociobiology, is replacing terrestrial genetic influence to affect the construction of our institutions with modern astrobiology-identified physics-governed influence to affect the construction of our institutions. Physiosociobiology does not argue that gene-culture influence exists – it argues that such influence is plagued with Old World ignorance and false damaging institutions, and in point of fact needs to be replaced with physics-governed cause and effect culture-influence with the fierce urgency of now.
I demonstrate that cultural evolution benefits from cognitive decoupling from genetic evolution, because the relationship between genetic evolution and cultural evolution was determined through past lesser ability, i.e. ignorance, falsehood, and false damaging institutions. Consequently, decoupling the connection between genetic evolution and cultural evolution determined through past lesser ability is now necessary in solution to the human condition – specifically so that cultural evolution can be rapidly determined through modern superior knowledge and ability.
The first pair of parallel models is the “Biological Model” and “Cognitive Model”, which demonstrate cause. The second pair of parallel models is the “Metaphysical Justice Model” and “Digitalization Model”, which demonstrate effect.
The System Models are organized in parallel configuration to demonstrate both causation and alternative evolutionary strategies. Of course, the System Models are not entirely separate entities – genetic and cultural evolution originating in the Biological Model, including damage done in the Metaphysical Justice Model, was still ultimately able to produce the Cognitive Model and Digitalization Model through a long, slow, problematic process of Artificial Selection and logic. An important point however, of demonstrating the Parallel State of Nature System Models is that - because of unsustainable pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change, and global warming, including dysfunctional social polarization and economic stratification - Homo sapiens no longer have the time necessary to perform solutions through long, slow, problematic Natural Selection and genetic evolution, and instead must employ rapid, effective, predictive Artificial Selection and logic to affect cultural evolution.
Ultra-Condensed System Models Chart
The Biological Model
The “Biological Model” is where the genus Homo originated from through Natural Selection and genetic evolution – including connected cultural evolution - while subject to “natural evolutionary ignorance” or “biological initial conditions” (cause), which I characterize as producing the “Metaphysical Justice Model” in effect – demonstrating ignorance and false damaging institutions. Homo sapiens are however, able to improve upon this primitive origin of species, through intelligence, Artificial Selection, and logic. The parallel “Cognitive Model” and “Digitalization Model” demonstrate this superior ability.
Obviously, all biology originates in the “Biological Model”. Consequently, all biology originates in ignorance, where cognitive ability can remain extremely limited and subordinate to instinct during the process of survival and evolution. The “Metaphysical Justice Model” identifies the negative consequences of “natural” evolutionary ignorance (“biological initial conditions”), including negative consequences specific to Homo sapiens when we continue to maintain ignorance and false damaging institutions.
Biological organisms clearly do not require high intelligence to originate, survive, or evolve. In addition however, every organism on Earth has gone extinct with little to no ability to understand why. In the entire history of life on Earth, Homo sapiens are the single exception to mindless extinction. Consequently, Homo sapiens are mindful of their existence, both individual and collective, and because of our unique cognitive ability our species chooses to control our environment through Artificial Selection and logic to promote our survival.
The genus Homo has evolved progressively - both physiologically and cognitively - spanning for example Australopithecus, Erectus, Neanderthal, and finally modern Cro-Magnon man, or Homo sapiens. Our species hasn’t just evolved a larger brain; the quality of our information has become better – more extensive and accurate – in point of fact more truthful through integration with the physical environment that both produced us and governs us with physics consequence. The “Cognitive Model” is meant to showcase our state-of-the-art ability in extensive, accurate, and truthful information through Artificial Selection and logic. Finally, the “Digitalization Model” is meant to showcase our state-of-the-art ability in designing new sustainable institutions through Artificial Selection and logic to promote our survival.
Condensed Systems Models Chart
Beginning with the Biological Model – sociobiology - including evolutionary psychology or physiological psychology, and neuroscience, identifies where genetic determinism affects and might limit certain cultural evolution. I identify where cultural evolution - specifically progressive cognitive evolution - becomes fundamentally incompatible with instincts determined through genetic evolution.
Central to this dilemma is that 99% of our species existence (depending how far back in the genus Homo one encompasses, for Homo sapiens 200,000 years), including our instincts and certain cultural evolution, have been determined through a Hunting-Gathering mode of production, and all subsequent modern modes of production spanning agrarianism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism, science, and technology, have only existed for 1% of our species existence. Unfortunately, our highest quality information has only been able to affect us for an evolutionary blink-of-an-eye, meanwhile our poorest quality information has been able to sink in for millennia, and entrench itself in ignorant, false, damaging institutions.
Consequently, Homo sapiens face the difficult task of overcoming certain instincts determined through millennia of genetic evolution, because they no longer serve the sustainability of our species. E. O. Wilson identifies the following human instincts through sociobiology:
· Division of Labor between the Sexes
· Bonding Between Parents and Children
· Heightened Altruism toward Closest Kin
· Incest Avoidance
· Other Forms of Ethical Behavior
· Suspicion of Strangers
· Tribalism
· Dominance Orders within Groups
· Male Dominance Overall
· Territorial Aggression over Limiting Resources
· Male Promiscuity
Homo sapiens however, are currently attempting to sort through these instincts, and determine which remain relevant to our species new circumstances. For example, scientists have identified dietary habits developed during our Hunting-Gathering period indicate placing high value in sweet and fatty foodstuffs. Today of course, not only are these “high value” sweet and fatty foodstuffs plentiful, but also the most affordable foodstuffs. Consequently, not only do all Homo sapiens demonstrate a propensity to covet sugar and fat, but those of low income are virtually forced to consume sugar and fat from the industrial-high-fructose-corn-syrup-food-chain.
The most obvious example however, is since the Civil Rights Movement the Woman’s Movement is challenging male dominance and the division of labor. It is arguable that the Woman’s Movement is also challenging male promiscuity and forms of ethical behavior through increasing lesbianism. For that matter, the Civil Rights movement is challenging all forms of instinctual behavior determined through Hunting-Gathering:
· The Woman’s Movement is challenging division of labor between the sexes and male dominance
· Traditional male-female conceptions of bonding between parents and children now include gay parents
· Extending altruism through charity, philanthropy, and social welfare programs
· Minimizing suspicion of strangers through the melting pot of American democracy and the rule of law
· Minimizing tribalism through democracy, the rule of law, and market collaboration
· Homogenizing (flattening) dominance orders within groups through market collaboration (“Wikinomics”)
· Some would argue we are minimizing territorial aggression over limiting resources through the greatest wealth and plenty in the history of the world enabled by fossil fuels (Unfortunately, this argument implodes after accounting for “externalities” such as class poverty, pollution, biodiversity loss, global warming, and repeated subversion, wars, and occupation of foreign oil producing nations.)
· Holding male promiscuity accountable through child support
Specifically, I identify and challenge much of the psychology of individualism to no longer remain relevant to our species new circumstances, which now manifests itself through a fundamentalist definition of individual liberty absent from reason. For example, our current fundamentalist definition of individual liberty enables the falsehood and damage of both religion (faith-based reasoning) and growth model laissez faire capitalism on a finite planet through the same definition of liberty, which cannot possibly be scientifically correct. The psychology and physiology of individualism are related but also two separate things, and can be decoupled through a sufficiently well-engineered cognitive political philosophy that satisfies universal physical human needs through reverse engineering.
Meanwhile the faith-based reasoning, magical thinking, and supernatural afterlife hierarchy of patriarchal religion designs both male dominance hierarchies, and separates the human condition from the physics-governed natural environment. In addition, a growth model of economy through capitalism is impossible on a finite planet. Both religion and capitalism are ignorant false damaging institutions, determined through the same false damaging unscientific unregulated definition of individual liberty.
Consequently, church and state continue to exist in a symbiotic relationship. This symbiotic relationship is useful to both institutions because capitalism requires permanent inequality to function that designs class poverty, including constant and increasing unemployment. The adversity of capitalism designs epidemic depression, domestic violence, the disintegration of the nuclear family, homelessness, crime, and drug use, which religion preys upon to profit from and achieve converts. Meanwhile, the state uses the church to displace blame away from its damaging capitalist activities and simultaneously achieve social control.
One of the clearest connections between church and state is identified in America through DSHS (Department of Social and Health Services), which farms out incoming depression and drug use to psychologists and rehabilitation services that all default to and employ AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), which is a religious-based abstinence-only program. (No surprise on the “abstinence-only” requirement, which is consistent with religious conservatives – i.e. the Bush Administration promoting sexual abstinence-only).
Consequently, frequently, being a “social worker” means being a de facto agent of state, capitalist, and religious exploitation. In addition, speaking from personal experience, it is not uncommon to encounter right-wing economic and religious conservatives operating as “social workers”. (Predictably, such influence is a remnant of the Bush Administration, consistent with their infusing of right-wing judges and other government personnel). Why Barrack Obama has not addressed this travesty that directly affects his base is consistent with all his failures to address the many travesties that directly affect his base.
Both the psychologists and rehabilitation services attempt to convince the individual that they are responsible for causing their problems, instead of, in point of fact, being victims of the institutional problems designed by capitalism. All the drug rehabilitation services employ the AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) strategy of first convincing the individual (making them admit) that they are responsible for causing their problems, instead of being victims of the institutional problems designed by capitalism, and then accepting “Him” (apparently a patriarchal “god”) into their life. Effectively, this identifies an “original sin, repentance, and redemption” strategy consistent with a male-dominated agrarian mode of production, which benefited from many children tending a single male’s acreage.
Fundamentally, the state destroys lives by supporting capitalism, and then displaces blame away from itself by convincing the individual that they are responsible for their troubles, instead of in point of fact suffering from the institutional problems designed by capitalism. Unfortunately - given America’s unscientific unregulated definition of individual liberty - it’s all too easy to convince a selfish, greedy, ladder-climbing, god-fearing American aspiring to materialism and millionaire status that they are inadequate and at individual fault.
Such disadvantaged socially-conditioned people readily believe it, and actually blame themselves while living in the greedy, unsustainable, deluded god-favored capitalist nation of “opportunity™, liberty™, and freedom™”, including almighty deluded democracy™. There is, unfortunately, no “wisdom of crowds” in such a deluded democracy™. As any democratically elected president of a foreign nation assassinated by the CIA demonstrates, democracy™ is only tolerated if it serves American capitalism. Such American capitalist democracy™ is a travesty, both here and abroad.
Democracy in Washington State identifies that governor Gregoire couldn’t even campaign, educate, convince, and pass a necessary progressive income tax. For example, the most stable Middle Class on Earth was produced by F.D.R. through Keynesian demand-side economics, regulation, and progressive taxation. Progressive taxation is necessary for infrastructure and social programs, which by the way, the state requires less of (social programs) when people are employed through Keynesian demand-side economics and regulation. Nonetheless, our present state and nations failure and inability then treats the common deluded citizen’s predictive failure, depression, and drug addiction with religion (AA). Religion, in turn, simply and pathetically displaces blame away from itself by convincing the individual that they are plagued by “original sin”, which can only be cured by an invisible man in the sky.
If that isn’t an insane, incompetent, and ultimately mean-spirited cynical solution from a supposedly “secular” state, supposedly practicing separation of church and state - what is? This sick dysfunctional symbiotic church-state relationship (a religio-economic system), can never solve society’s problems, and can only slap sick dysfunctional band-aids on those problems, yet nonetheless is actually defended as “individual liberty™”, “freedom™”, and “democracy™”.
The Cognitive Model
Homo sapiens must now overcome and regulate the psychology of individualism through superior new institutions in unification with science, logic, and physics. For example, Reverse Engineering a sustainable Spaceship Earth (addressing finite resources) to achieve Universal Ethics that satisfy universal physical human needs eliminates individualism determined through territorial aggression over limiting resources, including through the promotion of false ethics, i.e. the bogus “universal ethics” of America defended as “individual liberty™”, “freedom™”, and “democracy™”. In addition, the World Wide Web is now enabling “Wikinomics” to replace traditional hierarchy and dominance orders within groups. It’s a brave New World – a veritable perfect storm for rapid social, economic, and political change.
A crude but effective and popular modern example of the need to overcome certain instincts determined through millennia of genetic evolution identifies how a frog will sit in warm water, and while the temperature slowly increases, will slowly boil to death. The point being, millennia of genetic evolution – instinct - failed the frog’s current ability to survive. Of course, only certain cognitive ability to monitor and control the environment could have saved the frog, which unfortunately is an impossible mental task for a poor frog; but not for Homo sapiens.
Moreover, the “slowly boiling frog example” is frequently being used to demonstrate Homo sapiens current failure to monitor and control the environment, even though we have the necessary intelligence. I.e., adjust our species collective thoughts and actions in sustainable unification with the physics-governed environment. The further point is when applied to humans – our genetically evolved instincts that influence culture – are clearly no longer serving our species.
Homo sapiens have now entered into a cognitive age, where only a cognitive relationship with the natural environment can design a competent effective survival strategy. Instincts for example, don’t know the four initial conditions of physics through the weak nuclear, strong nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces, or cause and effect between mass and motion, or carbon dioxide ratios, or science, or technology. Consequently, our species is still more afraid of snakes than we are of cars and electrical sockets, or even the “myth” of global warming. What’s worse is that so many actually embrace such an impending man made yet physics-governed global warming apocalypse as “the wrath of god”’ and the “End of Days”.
An advanced example of the need to overcome certain instincts determined through millennia of genetic evolution identifies that the ecosystem only speaks and understands the single language of physics, and unless Homo sapiens also learn to speak, understand, and act in unification with the single language of physics, we attempt the impossible, which is to attempt to exist in abstraction from physics-governed physical reality.
Some aspects of cultural, or “Lamarckian” evolution, are specific to Homo sapiens (or other capable intelligences).
· Knowledge of science, logic, technology, and physics
· The ecosystem only speaks and understands the single language of physics, and therefore Homo sapiens also need to speak, understand, and act in unification with the single language of physics to design governing mechanical cause and effect in our species favor
· The construction of the universe and physical reality subject to causation between mass and motion, i.e., an objective environment of consequence immune to invalidation through "consciousness is primary" and the "open universe" arguments. Through the causation of physics immune to invalidation, no need exists to introduce the concept of “a god” to design, manage, and maintain a sustainable human condition.
This knowledge is the exclusive province of intelligence and progressive cognitive evolution. Consequently, certain progressive cultural evolution is only possible through such capable intelligence. Bluntly, this dilemma or conundrum constitutes the difference between the Old World Ignorance/Division/Punishment Causality Model, and the New World Intelligence/Unification/Reward Causality Model. Such “cultural evolution” identifies a unique and parallel state of nature, which is only available to such intelligence.
Therefore, one question remains: If such a parallel state of nature can be successfully engaged by an entire species, before, for example, millennia of genetic determinism or “instinct” sabotage the effort. The answer is: The odds don’t look good (judging from our statistical affinity for religion, including church-state symbiosis through capitalist religio-economic systems, which in both cases cannot solve problems). Economies of scale may (will probably) need to be tipped in a certain direction to balance the equation, and ensure that a correct sustainable result is produced.
I demonstrate that such a cognitive-based parallel state of nature in fact exists through the thesis of Mechanical-Social Integration, and is capable of attainment through intelligence demonstrated by Homo sapiens evolutionary history of Artificial Selection and logic. I describe this methodology and process through:
· The Thesis of “Mechanical-Social Integration”
· The New Hybrid Natural/Social Science of “Physiosociobiology” (a somewhat anti-discipline to sociobiology)
· The Political Philosophy of “Universalism”
· Government through the “Democracy of Science”
· Universal Ethics through “Reverse Engineering”
To be clear, the “Biological Model” identifies genetic evolution, while the “Cognitive Model” identifies cultural evolution through the ability of Artificial Selection and logic to integrate our species ability with the physics-governed universe and design cause and effect in our species favor. This ability should however, not be taken out of context (anthropocentrism) from beneficial biodiversity, including other aspects of environmental sustainability.
The Cognitive Model identifies how Homo sapiens have employed an evolutionary strategy of Artificial Selection and logic to design governing mechanical physics in our species favor. Examples include Language, Mathematics, The Wheel, Agrarian Surplus, Animal Husbandry, Plant Grafting, Government, Science, and Technology, which have all ultimately designed cause and effect physics in our species favor.
The further models, both the “Metaphysical Justice” and “Digitalization” models, identify causation, beginning with the previous respective model. Each model synthesis represents evolution, but the Biological-Metaphysical Justice Model Causality appears to “dead end” (a common fate in biology), i.e. biodiversity loss, pollution, global warming, social and economic polarization - while the other Cognitive-Digitalization Model Causality predictively flourishes and achieves sustainability through unification with cause and effect physics.
The Metaphysical Justice Model
The Metaphysical Justice Model demonstrates causation through two primary dynamics, ignorance and individualism. Genetic traits determined through unscientific ignorance and unregulated individualism cause problematic behavior and institutions. This is specifically true and problematic when we identify that “biology with technology” determined through religio-economic systems represents collective impact on the environment, and that necessary cultural evolution can only occur through intelligence that integrates our species impact on the environment with the physics-governed environment. In point of fact, environmental determinism represented by scientific materialism becomes the prevailing political and economic philosophy. Making this paradigm change will predictively require disruptive change.
The Metaphysical Justice Model demonstrates causation through ignorance and individualism spanning illogic, exploitation, and physical damage.
· Illogic is identified through the “faith-based reasoning proof”, and the “multiple interpretations of reality proof”, among others.
· Exploitation is identified with government achieving social control through institutionalized religion, and through the permanent inequality that capitalism requires to function, i.e. religio-economic systems.
· Physical Damage is demonstrated spanning poor thoughts leading to a cut finger (“crossing the road example” in Doulas Krueger’s “What is Atheism”, etc…), to slitting society’s collective throat through illogical and exploitive social design, i.e., a false damaging definition of individual liberty, a supernatural afterlife hierarchy, generational class poverty, pollution, biodiversity loss, and global warming. The genetic traits or instinct of individualism, for example, has been taken to the extreme of religious falsehood, including property ownership and profit determined through laissez faire capitalism poked by the sharp stick of economic libertarianism. In addition, females have been treated like property and abused while subject to class poverty (including while subject to other class distinctions), because the male wants to ensure sexual gratification, procreation, and promote his status while simultaneously avoiding spending resources on other male’s children.
The Digitalization Model
The “Digitalization Model” demonstrates social design solutions through collective unification with governing mechanical physics to design cause and effect in our species favor. The thesis of Mechanical-Social Integration identifies unification with the Single Standard of Evaluation of Physics (SSEP) to design positive consequence, and for division to design negative consequence. I.e. this positive/negative ability identifies a “digital” relationship with the physics-governed indifferent universe.
Other aspects of “digitalization” are also emerging – a collective brain powered by the internet, the collaborative dynamics of “Wikinomics” spanning science, private, public, and NGO sectors, including “eGovernment”. All these aspects of “digitalization” - integration with the Single Standard of Evaluation of Physics (SSEP) to design positive consequence, and for division to design negative consequence, including the World Wide Web, mass collaboration and eGovernment - directly enable a Democracy of Science and Reverse Engineering.
Consequently, reverse engineering from the Single Standard of Evaluation of Physics (SSEP) identifies the ability to design predictive positive consequence from the physics-governed universe, while simultaneously avoiding and defeating institutions that design negative consequence. If this quantitative science of Physiosociobiology must be reduced to a philosophy of physics, then the prevailing message is to design our institutions through matching natural explanations for a naturally occurring physics-governed universe, including through matching prioritized relationships in unification with governing mechanical cause and effect, in each case to design predictive positive consequence and avoid negative consequence.
Specifically, designing our institutions through matching natural explanations for a naturally occurring physics-governed universe and through matching prioritized relationships in unification with governing mechanical cause and effect invalidates both religion and laissez faire capitalism. The faith-based reasoning, magical thinking, and supernatural afterlife hierarchy of religion are fundamentally incompatible with the protocols of scientific social design, because they design illogic, exploitation, and physical damage, specifically through cognitive and physical abstraction from the natural physics-governed environment. In addition, the associated poorly determined individualism and impossible infinite growth of laissez faire capitalism do not comply with the protocols of prioritized relationships in unification with governing mechanical cause and effect. Such protocols of scientific social design require “economics” to be determined through Reverse Engineering, to achieve steady-state equilibrium with the ecosystem.
The survival strategy of Reverse Engineering predictively accomplishes this steady-state equilibrium by identifying Universal Ethics that provide for universal physical human needs in a sustainable manner. These universal physical human needs are identified as follows:
Food
Water
Shelter
Sex
Education
Art
Science and technology are facilitated through the institutions of Education and Art, which in turn address the other institutions of Food, Water, Shelter, and Sex. These Universal Ethics are universal in that they provide for universal physical needs through unification with the physics-governed universe. (Conceivably, different species may have different needs. Nonetheless, any species universal physical needs would be satisfied through the same methodology of Reverse Engineering in unification with cause and effect physics to design positive consequence.)
Note: While reading the Parallel State of Nature Causalities Chart, it is important to note the causal influence of inheriting the “Biological Initial Conditions” of “natural” evolutionary ignorance, including that the alternative I.U.R. Intelligence/Unification/Reward Causality Model is hard-earned through Artificial Selection, logic, and science, which of course, can only come after our initial period of “Biological Initial Conditions”. In other words, it is important not to conflate our species liabilities determined through “Biological Initial Conditions” with alternative superior ability determined through Artificial Selection, logic, and science.
Chart Demonstrating Two Parallel State of Nature Causalities
References
Methodological sources identify the dynamic between “genes and memes”, including the distinction between genetic and cultural evolution.
· Barbara Ehrenreich, “Bright-Sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America”
· Charles Darwin, "On the Origen of Species", who dismissed the gladiator theory of evolution, and instead promoted “Mutual Aid”
· Chris Mooney, "The Republican War on Science"
· Dan Tapscott and Anthony Williams, “Macrowikinomics”, “Wikinomics”
· David Domke, “The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America”
· David Sorota, "Hostile Takeover, How Big Money and Corruption Conquered Our Government"
· Dennis Dennett, “Freedom Evolves”
· Douglas Krueger, “What is Atheism: A Brief Introduction”
· E. O. Wilson, “Sociobiology: The New Synthesis”, “On Human Nature”, “Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge”, “The Naturalist”, “The Diversity of Life”, “The Future of Life”
· Ian Fletcher, “Free Trade Doesn’t Work”
· Jeff Sharlet, “The Family: The Secret Fundamentalism at the Heart of American Power”
· Jeremy Rifkin, "The End of Work", “The Empathetic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a world in Crisis”
· John Dean, “Conservatives Without Conscience”
· John Perkins, "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man", “The Secret History of the American Empire, Economic Hit Men, Jackals, and the Truth About Global Corruption”
· Jonah Leher, “How We Decide”
· Keynes, John Maynard (1933-12-31) “An Open Letter to President Roosevelt” New York Times.
· Keynes, John Maynard (2004) [1919] “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0765805294
· Matt Salvinar, “The Oil Age is Over: What to Expect as the World Runs Out of Cheap Oil, 2005-2050”
· Richard Dawkins, “The Selfish Gene”, “The God Delusion”
· Sam Harris, “The End of Faith”, “Letter to a Christian Nation”, “The Moral Landscape, How Science Can Determine Human Values”
· Thom Hartman, “The Neo-conservative Attack on the Middle Class”
· Thomas Kuhn, “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”