Week 3

(NOTE: ALL ATTACHMENTS HAVE BEEN MOVED TO http://sites.google.com/site/conservationinmekong02/weekly-literature)

Assignments:

1. You will need to find and read an article on Pleistocene human history in SE Asia. This should basically be a paper about humans before the development of agriculture. This will be briefly presented in class.

Tajima, Atsushi, Pan, I-Hung, Fucharoen, Goonnapa, Fucharoen, Supan, Matsuo, Masafumi, Tokunaga, Katsushi, Juji, Takeo, Hayami, Masanori, Omoto, Keiichi, Horai, Satoshi (2002) Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes:implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia. Human Genetics. 110: 80-88. [arb]

Fig. 2 from Tajima et. al. (2002)

"Frequency distributions of the eight Y-chromosome haplotypesfor the 14 global populations, with their approximate geographiclocations. The frequencies of the eight haplotypes areshown as

colored pie charts." [arb]

[tli]

Mudar, Karen and Douglas Anderson 2007 New Evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene Foraging Economies: Faunal Analysis from the Early Levels of Lang Rongrien Rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand. Asian Perspectives, 46 (2): 298-334. [tli]

[hl]Schepartz, L.A., S. Miller-Antonio & D.A. Bakken. 2000. Upland resources and the early Palaeolithic occupation of Southern China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Burma. World Archaeology 32(1):1-13.[hl]

[fig] James, H. Petraglia, M. 2005. Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the later Pleistocene Record of South East Asia. Current Anthropology. 46(S5):S3-S27. [fig]

[mr] Vincent Macaulay et. al. (2005) Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. Science 308(5714):1034-1036. [mr]

[ln] Hawks, J., Hunley, K., Lee, S.H., & Wolpoff, M. 2000. Population bottlenecks and pleistocene human evolution. The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 17(1):2-22. [ln]

[NC] White, Joyce . Penny, Daniel, Kealhofer, Lisa. Maloney, Bernard. 2004. Vegetation changes from the late Pleistocene through the Holocene

from three areas of archaeological significance in Thailand. Quaternary International 113: 111–132. [NC]

[kwb]The following paper is about rice agriculture, but it is included here to demonstrate where favorable sites for human habitation might occur in this region.

Xiangming X., S. Boles, S. Frolking, C. Li, J.Y. Babu, W. Salas, B. Moore III. 2006. Mapping paddy rice agriculture in South and Southeast Asia using multi-temporal MODIS images. Remote Sensing of Environment 100: 95 – 113.

(Map above shows sites identified as wetland rice)

D. Q Fuller, Emma Harvey and Ling Qin. 2007. Presumed domestication? Evidence for wild rice cultivation and domestication in the fifth millennium BC of the Lower Yangtze region, Antiquity 81(312) : 316-331

Thompson, Gill. 1996. The Excavation of Khok Phanom Di: A Prehistoric Site in Central Thailand: Subsistence and Environment - The Botanical Evidence Volume 4. Society of Antiquaries of London.

Viet, Nguyen. 2008. Hoabinhian macrobotanical remains from archaeological sites in Vietnam: Indicators of climate changes from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene.IPPA Bulletin [28] 2008. pp. 80- 83.

Yen, Douglas E. 1977. Hoabinian horiculture: the evidence and the questions from Northwest Thailand. In Allen, Jim. Golson, J. Jones, J.

Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Academic Press. pp. 568 - 599.

3. Students will prepare a map illustrating the distribution of languages in SE Asia and emphasizing the different language families.

[tli] The above map (Current language distributions of Southeast Asia) taken from:

Higham, Charles. 2002. Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. Art Media Resources Publishers. [tli]

[ln] Matsumura, H., Yoneda, M., Dodo, Y., Oxenham, M.F., Nguyen Lan Cuong, Nguyen Kim Thuy, Lam My Dung, Vu The Long, Yamagata, M., Sawada, J., Shinoda, K., Takigawa, W. 2008. Terminal Pleistocene human skeleton from Hang Cho Cave, northern Vietnam: implications for the biological affinities of Hoabinhian people. Anthropological Science

116(3), 201-217, 2008. [ln]

[NC] Diamond, Jared ., Bellwood, Peter , 2003. Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Science 300:597-603.

Bellwood, Peter , 2001. Early agriculturalist population diasporas? Farming, languages and genes. Annual Review of Anthropology 30:181-207.

4. Definitions of the terms "shifting cultivation," "aboriginal," and "resource allocation" should be provided with clear citations for each.

Shifting cultivation:

[tli] The clearing of land by humans for agricultural purposes, with cyclical periods of inactivity (fallow) for the land to renew itself following a period of harvesting. It can also refer to the deleterious effects of land clearing associated with deforestation. Under this perspective land is used until fertility is exhausted from the soil, at which point humans move to the next spot with no intention of returning.

Lawrence, Deborah. 2005. "Biomass Accumulation after 10-200 years of Shifting Cultivation in Bornean Rain Forest." Ecology 86 (1): 26-33.

Kammeshiedt, Ludwig. 2002. "Perspectives on Secondary Forest Management in Tropical Humid Lowland America". Ambio 31 (3): 243-250.[tli]

[mr] "Much of Southeast Asia is dominated by mountainous topography populated by diverse cultural minority communities. Expansive forests and sparse populations allowed these mountain-dwelling communities to practice variations of shifting cultivation, which enabled them to coexist in relative harmony with their environments. The annual cycle of slashing and burning that characterizes land preparation in shifting cultivation systems, however, has often drawn criticism as being inefficient and a leading cause of tropical deforestation." The authors go on to note that some recent scholarship has shown that shifting cultivation can be a sustainable, rational system, and suggest some "indigenous strategies" to allow shifting cultivators to accomodate more population and less land without abandoning the agricultural system.

Cairns, M., and D.P. Garrity. 1999. Agroforestry Systems 47: 37-48. [mr]

[ln] Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system that people completely utilize a piece of land for their wood harvesting or farming by several years until the soil loses fertility. The researchers highlighted the effect of traditional shifting cultivation practices using slash and burn (locally known as Jhum) on runoff and losses of soil and nutrients was investigated over two years in three apparently similar small neighboring watersheds of approx.

Gafur, A., Jensen, J.R., Borggaard, O.K., & Petersen, L. 2003. Runoff and losses of soil and nutrients from small watersheds under shifting cultivation (Jhum) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Journal of Hydrology.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/shifting_cultivation.htm [ln]

Aboriginal:

[arb]Aboriginal is an undefinable term. The word itself is encountered in the same circumstances as “native” and “original,” all words which indicate the “first” members of some domain of organisms to be present in a specified region. (McClatchey 2005) This term is often applied to the cultures and biotic communities “first” encountered by European explorers. Let me illustrate why that is a problematic definition with a question: “Are camels“native” to the old world?” Most would answer yes, but both of these species evolved in North America and only reached the old after the formation of the land bridge across the Bearing Sea, which renders them invasive species. A second possible definition is “first to evolve.” If that definition is to be used the only “aboriginal” organisms are anaerobic bacteria, everything to come along since the Precambrian oxygen catastrophe is invasive. Another possibility is “evolved in situ.” This is a little closer to the popular connotation of “aboriginal”, but since the fossil record in inherently incomplete, and centers of diversity are not necessarily points of origin, this can only be determined in a small number of cases. If we apply this definition to human populations, the only “aborigines” are the residents of North East Africa. (Moerman 2008) But even they came AFTER, and exterminated, the Neanderthal populations in the same region, which in turn came AFTER and replaced Homo Erectus, which came AFTER (this could go on…) Even if you limit the discussion specifically to cultural groups within Homo sapien sapien, virtually all regions have experiences multiple migrations and reverse migrations, so the extant population during the age of exploration probably was not the “first” to evolve in (and invade) that region. So what is the synthesis of all these ideas? “Aboriginal” and all related terms are inherently subjective, and therefore useless to scientific discourse, unless attached to some specific modifier. But even then the word tends to introduce the political notion of superiority deriving from age into the discussion. If you mean “oldest known member of X domain” or “evolved in situ,” just say that—and avoid the political catch phrases!

McClatchey, Will C. (2005) Exorcising Misleading Terms From Ethnobotany. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Vol. 3: 1-4

Moerman, Daniel E. (2008) All Plants are “Exotic Invasives.” Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Vol. 6: 117-119

Resource allocation:

[ss] still looking for a better source than wikipedia for a definition, but so far, "Resource allocation is used to assign the available resources in an economic way. It is part of resource management." [ss]

[NC]

Resource allocation in this article is mention about how to manage mineral resources in soil for two plant that have different on mineral intake. In this case is a Nitrogen. The experiment was conduct to see the interaction of native and alien buchgrass to balance the mineral resource and ecology in that area. Resource allocation's definition in this is about How to manage and balanced this specific ecology.

M. M. Caldwell, J. H. Richards, D. A. Johnson, R. S. Nowak, R. S. Dzurec. 1981. Coping with Herbivory: Photosynthetic Capacity and Resource Allocation in Two Semiarid Agropyron bunchgrasses. Oecologia. Vol. 50: 1, 1981. pp. 14-24 [NC]