Every six years, Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publishes a major assessment of the natural science of climate change. The information is layered, with a Summary for Policy Makers with high-level information, Technical Summaries with more detail, and multiple chapters with a lot of detail and references to the underlying literature. The Fifth Assessment Report is the latest.
Goosse et al. have an online textbook on the science of climate and climate change. Princeton University Press runs a blog on climate science. U Chicago has maps and time series of model results
Mike Hulme's Why We Disagree about Climate Change, Donna Laframboise' Delinquent Teenager and Andrew Montford's The Hockey Stick Illusion give a good introduction to the controversies around climate research.