Isaac Burlingame, a pioneer settler in McKean County, was confronted with starvation for his family in the afternath of the volcanic explosion of Mt. Tambora - which erupted in 1815 and was the greatest known volcanic explosion in history. (See below for its comparison to more modern volcanic eruptions.) It is estimated that 82,000 people died as a result of the explosion and its year-long after effects. Probably as a result of the worldwide ash clouds, people in the earth's norhern hemisphere suffered devastating frosts and early snows in 1816 -- known in the Northeastern United States as the "year without a summer." Crops also failed on the meager pioneer farms in McKean County. Isaac Burlingame and his father-in-law, Timothy Wolcott (the spelling of the name had actually been changed from Walcott) traveled by canoe -- most likely from the Potato Creek to the Allegheny River and down that river to Pittsburgh -- taking six weeks to make the journey. They returned with desperately needed food supplies. Oral history recounts how one of their canoes tipped spilling potatoes into the creek. The local Seneca Indians noted this event with the word that these settlers recalled as "nunundah." My grandmother told me that the spill occurred right along the section of creek known as the 'Burbank' area. That creek was subsequently named "Nunundah Creek" (today it is just called "Potato Creek"), and the yearbook at nearby Smethport High School is named "Nunundah."
Several years ago, this writer contacted Krista Jacobs, a member of the Seneca Nation of Indians who works at the Allegheny Territory Library in Salamanca, NY. She told me that the Seneca word for 'potato' is 'onono -da' -- with a pronounciation quite close to the word 'nunundah'. She also said there are glottal stop marks in the written word over the third 'o' and the 'a'. Interestingly, a similar word for potato is found in the Oneida language as well as the Mohawk language. You can see the Seneca version here. Oral history can be surprisingly accurate at times. Penn State Professor Dean Snow has written an excellent history of the Iroquois people (Onandagas, Senecas, Mohawks, Oneidas, and Cayugas), titled The Iroqouis (1994).
A mention of other water travel into Pittsburgh as a result of the killing frosts in 1816 is mentioned under "steamboats and river traffic."
The following graph shows the relative devastation caused by the amount of material ejected by Mt. Tambora compared to other, more well-known volcanic eruptions. The chart is followed by an apropos poem by Byron that he titled "Darkness".
Poem lyrics of Darkness by George Gordon, Lord Byron.
I had a dream, which was not all a dream.
The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars
Did wander darkling in the eternal space,
Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth
Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air;
Morn came and went--and came, and brought no day,
And men forgot their passions in the dread
Of this their desolation; and all hearts
Were chill'd into a selfish prayer for light:
And they did live by watchfires--and the thrones,
The palaces of crowned kings--the huts,
The habitations of all things which dwell,
Were burnt for beacons; cities were consum'd,
And men were gather'd round their blazing homes
To look once more into each other's face;
Happy were those who dwelt within the eye
Of the volcanos, and their mountain-torch:
A fearful hope was all the world contain'd;
Forests were set on fire--but hour by hour
They fell and faded--and the crackling trunks
Extinguish'd with a crash--and all was black.
The brows of men by the despairing light
Wore an unearthly aspect, as by fits
The flashes fell upon them; some lay down
And hid their eyes and wept; and some did rest
Their chins upon their clenched hands, and smil'd;
And others hurried to and fro, and fed
Their funeral piles with fuel, and look'd up
With mad disquietude on the dull sky,
The pall of a past world; and then again
With curses cast them down upon the dust,
And gnash'd their teeth and howl'd: the wild birds shriek'd
And, terrified, did flutter on the ground,
And flap their useless wings; the wildest brutes
Came tame and tremulous; and vipers crawl'd
And twin'd themselves among the multitude,
Hissing, but stingless--they were slain for food.
And War, which for a moment was no more,
Did glut himself again: a meal was bought
With blood, and each sate sullenly apart
Gorging himself in gloom: no love was left;
All earth was but one thought--and that was death
Immediate and inglorious; and the pang
Of famine fed upon all entrails--men
Died, and their bones were tombless as their flesh;
The meagre by the meagre were devour'd,
Even dogs assail'd their masters, all save one,
And he was faithful to a corse, and kept
The birds and beasts and famish'd men at bay,
Till hunger clung them, or the dropping dead
Lur'd their lank jaws; himself sought out no food,
But with a piteous and perpetual moan,
And a quick desolate cry, licking the hand
Which answer'd not with a caress--he died.
The crowd was famish'd by degrees; but two
Of an enormous city did survive,
And they were enemies: they met beside
The dying embers of an altar-place
Where had been heap'd a mass of holy things
For an unholy usage; they rak'd up,
And shivering scrap'd with their cold skeleton hands
The feeble ashes, and their feeble breath
Blew for a little life, and made a flame
Which was a mockery; then they lifted up
Their eyes as it grew lighter, and beheld
Each other's aspects--saw, and shriek'd, and died--
Even of their mutual hideousness they died,
Unknowing who he was upon whose brow
Famine had written Fiend. The world was void,
The populous and the powerful was a lump,
Seasonless, herbless, treeless, manless, lifeless--
A lump of death--a chaos of hard clay.
The rivers, lakes and ocean all stood still,
And nothing stirr'd within their silent depths;
Ships sailorless lay rotting on the sea,
And their masts fell down piecemeal: as they dropp'd
They slept on the abyss without a surge--
The waves were dead; the tides were in their grave,
The moon, their mistress, had expir'd before;
The winds were wither'd in the stagnant air,
And the clouds perish'd; Darkness had no need
Of aid from them--She was the Universe.